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MCBM > MCBM Exam 3 (cartilage/osteogenesis notes Hovorka) > Flashcards

MCBM Exam 3 (cartilage/osteogenesis notes Hovorka) Flashcards

1
Q

Where are osteoblasts found?

A

only at the border between bone and periosteum

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2
Q

What do osteoblasts secrete?

A

uncalcified bone matrix

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3
Q

What increases differentiation and activity of osteoblasts?

A

when osteoblasts respond to calcitonin released by the thyroid gland

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4
Q

What do osteoblast cells do?

A

differentiate from progenitor cells in the periosteum

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5
Q

What do osteocytes do?

A

differentiate from osteoblasts once they are surrounded by calcified bone matrix

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6
Q

Where are osteocytes found?

A

in lacunae

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7
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

cells that receive nutrients from a central artery via their connections to neighboring cells in contact with the artery- the processes of each cell extend through the bone matrix within canaliculi and contain gap junctions

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8
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A

large multinucleated cells that differentiate from monocytes (blood derived cells that also become macrophages)

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9
Q

What do osteoclasts do?

A

degrade bone matrix by secretion of protons and lysozomal enzymes

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10
Q

What increases differentiation and activity of osteoclasts?

A

when osteoclasts respond to parathyroid hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands

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11
Q

What are the organic components of bone matrix?

A

mostly type I collagen fibers with very little ground substance (GAGs and glycoproteins)

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12
Q

What secretes ground substance?

A

osteoblasts

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13
Q

What is needed for bone to become calcified/ossified?

A

the deposition of the inorganic salt calcium phosphate (hydroxyapatite) around the collagen fibers, displacing water and making bone hard

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14
Q

what type of bone matrix is disorganized?

A

immature bone matrix

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15
Q

What is the organization of mature bone matrix?

A

is organized into lamellae and osteons surrounding small ‘central’ arteries

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16
Q

What is periosteum?

A

dense connective tissue that contains fibroblasts and collagen bundles that surrounds the outside surface of compact bone and is continuous with the tendon that inserts on it

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17
Q

What does periosteum contain?

A

progenitor cells which differentiate into osteoblasts

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18
Q

What is endosteum?

A

the connective tissue coving the inner surface of bone facing the marrow cavity as well as the inner surface of the central canals

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19
Q

What 5 things are a part of the haversian system of bone organization?

A 
osteon
lamellae
central canal
canaliculi
perforating canals
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20
Q

What are osteons?

A

cylindrical unit of mature bone around a central (osteonal) artery

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21
Q

What are osteons composed of?

A

concentric lamellae that form sequentially from the outer circumference inward toward the central artery

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22
Q

What are lamellae?

A

rings of calcified bone matrix with collagen fibers oriented in a single direction; the direction alternates between lamellae

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23
Q

What are circumferential lamellae?

A

not part of an osteon but rather surround the entire circumference of bone

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24
Q

What is interstitial lamellae?

A

remnants of old osteons that are visible between younger osteons and are a product of bone remodeling

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25
Q

What are central canals or Haversian canals?

A

the central aspect of an osteon that contains vessels and nerves and is lined by endosteum

26
Q

What are canaliculi?

A

canals that interconnect lacunae within the osteon and facilitate the transport of nutrient and wastes between osteocytes

27
Q

What are perforating canals or Volkmann’s canals?

A

interconnect central canals and periosteum/endosteum; contains vessels and nerves

28
Q

What type of bone is found both in fetal bone and in areas of fracture repair?

A

immature (woven) bone because if forms much more quickly than mature bone

29
Q

How is immature bone formed?

A

either through endochondral ossification or intermembraneous ossification where it is randomly oriented with a greater proportion f ground substance

30
Q

How much calcium phosphate is store within bone?

A

it is always in flux, constantly being resorbed and reformed in order to meet the physiological needs of the body

31
Q

What happens as osteoclasts degrade bone?

A

osteoclasts degrade bone by tunneling through it which frees the calcium phosphate into the bloodstreme

32
Q

What follows through the tunnel that the osteoclast just made?

A

osteoblasts follow within the tunnel depositing new matrix in concentric lamellae of decreasing diameter which will eventually become mineralized

33
Q

What do osteoclast and osteoblasts form?

A

a bone-remodeling unit

34
Q

What else enters the tunnel that osteoclasts made?

A

capillaries invade the forming tunnel to resorb the mineral and format the central artery of the new osteon that will grow around it

35
Q

What are the 5 steps to heal broken bones?

A
  1. hematoma
  2. connective tissue invades
  3. precallus-hyaline cartilage model
  4. callus= calcifation and ossification of cartilaginous model creates immature bone
  5. mature bone
36
Q

How does cartilage get nutrients?

A

it is avascular so nutrients/wastes diffuse through the matrix to/from the surrounding perichondrium

37
Q

Can cartilage be repaired?

A

cartilage has VERY limited ability for repair

38
Q

What are chondroblasts?

A

cells that differentiate from progenitor cells int he perichondrium

39
Q

Where are chondroblasts found?

A

found only at the border between bone and perichondrium

40
Q

What do chondroblasts do?

A

secrete matrix resulting in appositianl growth (increase in size through addition of matrix to the edges)

41
Q

What are chondrocytes?

A

cells that differentiate from chondroblasts once they become completely surrounded by matrix

42
Q

Where are chondrocytes found?

A

found in lacunae

43
Q

What do chondrocytes do?

A

secrete matrix resulting in interstitial growth (increases size by addition of matrix within tissue, pushes cells further apart)

44
Q

Type II collagen fibrils do not form _____ therefore are not distinguishable from ground substance in regular light microscopy.

A

fibers

45
Q

What does ground substance contain?

A

hyaluronic acid molecules to which aggrecan-glycosaminoglycan complexes are covalently bound

46
Q

What are the most common GAGs in cartilage?

A

chondroitin sulfate and keratin sulfate

47
Q

Where is capsular matrix found?

A

directly around the lacunae

48
Q

What is capsular matrix made out of?

A

collagen type IV

49
Q

What is territorial matrix?

A

a younger matrix secreted by an isogenous group, it undergoes a higher rate of turnover

50
Q

What is interterritorial matrix?

A

an older matrix that is further from the chondrocytes

51
Q

What is periochondrium?

A

dense connective tissue that contain fibroblasts and collagen bundles that surround the outside surface of most types of cartilage

52
Q

What does perichondrium contain?

A

the progenitor cells which will differentiate into chondroblasts

53
Q

What areas do not have perichondrium?

A

articular surface and epiphyseal plates do not have perichondrium nor does fibrocartilage

54
Q

What are the 3 types of cartilage?

A

hyaline cartilage
elastic cartilage
fibrocartilage

55
Q

What is hyaline cartilage? (and where is it found…there is a lot)

A

typical cartilage that forms articular surfaces, costal cartilages, nasal cartilage, thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, arytenoid cartilage, trachea and bronchi, epiphyseal plates and fetal skeleton

56
Q

What is elastic cartilage and where is it found?

A

similar to hyaline cartilage but also contains elastic fibers
forms pinna of the ear, ear canal, epiglottis (anything you can fold/squash and it bounces back when released)

57
Q

What is fibrocartilage and where is it found?

A

like a combination of dense connective tissue and hyaline cartilage, it contains type I collagen fibers and the fibroblasts that secrete them, they do not have perichondrium coving their surface
forms intervertebral disk, pubic symphisis, articular disks, and menisci

58
Q

What is intramembraneous ossification?

A

clusters of mesenchymal cells within connective tissue that differentiate into osteoblasts which secrete bone matrix forming a spicule of bone

59
Q

What do many spicules grow together to form?

A

immature (woven) bone which will continue to mature through remodeling

60
Q

What is endochondral ossification?

A

chondroblasts and chondrocytes secrete matrix forming a cartelagenous model of the bone.

MCBM (6 decks)

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