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MCBM Exam 3 (cartilage/osteogenesis notes Hovorka) Flashcards

1
Q

Where are osteoblasts found?

A

only at the border between bone and periosteum

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2
Q

What do osteoblasts secrete?

A

uncalcified bone matrix

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3
Q

What increases differentiation and activity of osteoblasts?

A

when osteoblasts respond to calcitonin released by the thyroid gland

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4
Q

What do osteoblast cells do?

A

differentiate from progenitor cells in the periosteum

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5
Q

What do osteocytes do?

A

differentiate from osteoblasts once they are surrounded by calcified bone matrix

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6
Q

Where are osteocytes found?

A

in lacunae

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7
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

cells that receive nutrients from a central artery via their connections to neighboring cells in contact with the artery- the processes of each cell extend through the bone matrix within canaliculi and contain gap junctions

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8
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A

large multinucleated cells that differentiate from monocytes (blood derived cells that also become macrophages)

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9
Q

What do osteoclasts do?

A

degrade bone matrix by secretion of protons and lysozomal enzymes

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10
Q

What increases differentiation and activity of osteoclasts?

A

when osteoclasts respond to parathyroid hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands

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11
Q

What are the organic components of bone matrix?

A

mostly type I collagen fibers with very little ground substance (GAGs and glycoproteins)

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12
Q

What secretes ground substance?

A

osteoblasts

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13
Q

What is needed for bone to become calcified/ossified?

A

the deposition of the inorganic salt calcium phosphate (hydroxyapatite) around the collagen fibers, displacing water and making bone hard

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14
Q

what type of bone matrix is disorganized?

A

immature bone matrix

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15
Q

What is the organization of mature bone matrix?

A

is organized into lamellae and osteons surrounding small ‘central’ arteries

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16
Q

What is periosteum?

A

dense connective tissue that contains fibroblasts and collagen bundles that surrounds the outside surface of compact bone and is continuous with the tendon that inserts on it

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17
Q

What does periosteum contain?

A

progenitor cells which differentiate into osteoblasts

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18
Q

What is endosteum?

A

the connective tissue coving the inner surface of bone facing the marrow cavity as well as the inner surface of the central canals

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19
Q

What 5 things are a part of the haversian system of bone organization?

A 
osteon
lamellae
central canal
canaliculi
perforating canals
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20
Q

What are osteons?

A

cylindrical unit of mature bone around a central (osteonal) artery

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21
Q

What are osteons composed of?

A

concentric lamellae that form sequentially from the outer circumference inward toward the central artery

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22
Q

What are lamellae?

A

rings of calcified bone matrix with collagen fibers oriented in a single direction; the direction alternates between lamellae

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23
Q

What are circumferential lamellae?

A

not part of an osteon but rather surround the entire circumference of bone

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24
Q

What is interstitial lamellae?

A

remnants of old osteons that are visible between younger osteons and are a product of bone remodeling

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25
What are central canals or Haversian canals?
the central aspect of an osteon that contains vessels and nerves and is lined by endosteum
26
What are canaliculi?
canals that interconnect lacunae within the osteon and facilitate the transport of nutrient and wastes between osteocytes
27
What are perforating canals or Volkmann's canals?
interconnect central canals and periosteum/endosteum; contains vessels and nerves
28
What type of bone is found both in fetal bone and in areas of fracture repair?
immature (woven) bone because if forms much more quickly than mature bone
29
How is immature bone formed?
either through endochondral ossification or intermembraneous ossification where it is randomly oriented with a greater proportion f ground substance
30
How much calcium phosphate is store within bone?
it is always in flux, constantly being resorbed and reformed in order to meet the physiological needs of the body
31
What happens as osteoclasts degrade bone?
osteoclasts degrade bone by tunneling through it which frees the calcium phosphate into the bloodstreme
32
What follows through the tunnel that the osteoclast just made?
osteoblasts follow within the tunnel depositing new matrix in concentric lamellae of decreasing diameter which will eventually become mineralized
33
What do osteoclast and osteoblasts form?
a bone-remodeling unit
34
What else enters the tunnel that osteoclasts made?
capillaries invade the forming tunnel to resorb the mineral and format the central artery of the new osteon that will grow around it
35
What are the 5 steps to heal broken bones?
1. hematoma 2. connective tissue invades 3. precallus-hyaline cartilage model 4. callus= calcifation and ossification of cartilaginous model creates immature bone 5. mature bone
36
How does cartilage get nutrients?
it is avascular so nutrients/wastes diffuse through the matrix to/from the surrounding perichondrium
37
Can cartilage be repaired?
cartilage has VERY limited ability for repair
38
What are chondroblasts?
cells that differentiate from progenitor cells int he perichondrium
39
Where are chondroblasts found?
found only at the border between bone and perichondrium
40
What do chondroblasts do?
secrete matrix resulting in appositianl growth (increase in size through addition of matrix to the edges)
41
What are chondrocytes?
cells that differentiate from chondroblasts once they become completely surrounded by matrix
42
Where are chondrocytes found?
found in lacunae
43
What do chondrocytes do?
secrete matrix resulting in interstitial growth (increases size by addition of matrix within tissue, pushes cells further apart)
44
Type II collagen fibrils do not form _____ therefore are not distinguishable from ground substance in regular light microscopy.
fibers
45
What does ground substance contain?
hyaluronic acid molecules to which aggrecan-glycosaminoglycan complexes are covalently bound
46
What are the most common GAGs in cartilage?
chondroitin sulfate and keratin sulfate
47
Where is capsular matrix found?
directly around the lacunae
48
What is capsular matrix made out of?
collagen type IV
49
What is territorial matrix?
a younger matrix secreted by an isogenous group, it undergoes a higher rate of turnover
50
What is interterritorial matrix?
an older matrix that is further from the chondrocytes
51
What is periochondrium?
dense connective tissue that contain fibroblasts and collagen bundles that surround the outside surface of most types of cartilage
52
What does perichondrium contain?
the progenitor cells which will differentiate into chondroblasts
53
What areas do not have perichondrium?
articular surface and epiphyseal plates do not have perichondrium nor does fibrocartilage
54
What are the 3 types of cartilage?
hyaline cartilage elastic cartilage fibrocartilage
55
What is hyaline cartilage? (and where is it found...there is a lot)
typical cartilage that forms articular surfaces, costal cartilages, nasal cartilage, thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, arytenoid cartilage, trachea and bronchi, epiphyseal plates and fetal skeleton
56
What is elastic cartilage and where is it found?
similar to hyaline cartilage but also contains elastic fibers forms pinna of the ear, ear canal, epiglottis (anything you can fold/squash and it bounces back when released)
57
What is fibrocartilage and where is it found?
like a combination of dense connective tissue and hyaline cartilage, it contains type I collagen fibers and the fibroblasts that secrete them, they do not have perichondrium coving their surface forms intervertebral disk, pubic symphisis, articular disks, and menisci
58
What is intramembraneous ossification?
clusters of mesenchymal cells within connective tissue that differentiate into osteoblasts which secrete bone matrix forming a spicule of bone
59
What do many spicules grow together to form?
immature (woven) bone which will continue to mature through remodeling
60
What is endochondral ossification?
chondroblasts and chondrocytes secrete matrix forming a cartelagenous model of the bone.

MCBM (6 decks)

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