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MCBM > MCBM Exam 3 (connective tissue, cartilage/osteogenesis PP) > Flashcards

MCBM Exam 3 (connective tissue, cartilage/osteogenesis PP) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 classifications of connective tissue?

A

connective tissue proper (soft tissue)

supportive connective tissue (hard tissue)

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2
Q

What is the classification of connective tissue based on?

A

relative density of components

characteristics of extracellular matrix (ground substance + fibers)

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3
Q

What is soft connective tissue?

A

components in a fluid or gelatinous ground substance (adipose tissue, blood)

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4
Q

What is hard connective tissue?

A

components embedded in a solid ground substance (cartilage and bone)

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5
Q

What are the components of connective tissue that is found in all types of connective tissue?

A

fibers
ground substance
cells

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6
Q

What does the subtypes of connective tissue depend on?

A

depends on the arrangement of fibers

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7
Q

What types of fibers are there (complex proteins)?

A

collagen
elastic
reticular

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8
Q

What is 30-40% of the bodies protein?

A

collagen

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9
Q

Does collagen stretch or contract?

A

no

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10
Q

Is collagen high or low molecular weight?

A

high molecular weight

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11
Q

What is collagen primarily composed of?

A

primarily composed of glycine (33%)

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12
Q

What else is collagen composed of?

A

proline (12%) and hydroxyproline (10%)

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13
Q

What are 2 features of collagen?

A 
basic molecule (monomer): tropocollagen 
heat labile: becomes gelatinous and glue-like
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14
Q

What would be the diagnosis for something that has a bunch of collagen?

A

fibroma (overproduction of collagen)

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15
Q

Is collagen produced intracellularly extracellularly or both?

A

both

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16
Q

What is the precursor for collagen intracellularly?

A

procollagen

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17
Q

Procollagen is held together by what type of bonds?

A

hydrogen

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18
Q

Where does synthesis of collagen intracellularly occur?

A

in the rough ER

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19
Q

What is procollagen composed of?

A

helical tripeptide: 2 (alpha-1) and one (alpha-2)

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20
Q

What is a fibroblast?

A

a type of cell that synthesizes collagen

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21
Q

What amino acids are present in collagen and what enzyme hydroxylizes them?

A

proline and lysine which are hydroxylated by peptidyl hydroxylase

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22
Q

What is a cofactor (coenzyme) for collagen production?

A

ascorbic acid (vitamin C)

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23
Q

What is the precursor for collagen extracellularly?

A

tropocollagen

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24
Q

Procollagen is cleaved by what enzyme to form tropocollagen?

A

procollagen peptidase

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25
Q

Crosslinks between tropocollagen molecules are polymerized to form microfibrils by what enzyme?

A

lysyl oxidase

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26
Q

What are microfibrils turned into?

A

fibrils

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27
Q

What are fibrils turned into?

A

fibers (collagen)

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28
Q

What are a lot fibers?

A

bundles of fibers (form collagen)

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29
Q

What are the features of fibers (collagen)?

A

fibers are straight or wavy and can be loosely or densely packed depending on the location and functional need

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30
Q

What type of collagen is most common?

A

type 1

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31
Q

What is type 2 collagen?

A

cartilage

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32
Q

Where is type 3 collagen found?

A

smooth muscle, uterus, spleen, lungs, aorta

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33
Q

Where is type 4 collagen found?

A

basal lamina

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34
Q

Where is type 5 collagen found?

A

in placental membranes

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35
Q

What are the features of elastic fibers?

A

stretch and return to normal size

resistant to heat

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36
Q

What are elastic fibers composed of?

A

elastin (amorpous protein) surrounded by microfibrils (fibrillin, a glycoprotein)

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37
Q

Elastin protein are rich in which amino acids?

A

glycine and proline

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38
Q

What other amino acids are found in elastin protein?

A

valine, alanine, desmosine, and isdesmosine

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39
Q

Where are reticular fibers usually located?

A

usually located where collagen is found (not necessarily vise versa)

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40
Q

Where are reticular fibers abundant?

A

at boundaries between connective tissue and other tissues

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41
Q

Where are reticular fibers found?

A

stroma in bone marrow, lymphoid tissues, and liver

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42
Q

How can you differentiate collagen from elastin or reticular fibers?

A

with H&E staining

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43
Q

What stains darker with PAS collagen or reticular fibers?

A

reticular fibers stain darker

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44
Q

Reticular fibers are argyophilic what does that mean?

A

blackens with silver stains

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45
Q

What is ultrastructurally very similar to collagen?

A

reticular fibers

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46
Q

What is the composition of reticular fibers?

A

type III collagen fibrils (never forms bundles therefore it is only at the fibril stage)

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47
Q

What is ground substance?

A

a mixture of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and water which varies in consistency from a viscous solution to a hard material

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48
Q

What are the components of ground substance?

A

glycoproteins and glycosaminoglycans (GAGS)

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49
Q

What is the majority of the molecule in a glycoprotein?

A

mostly protein with a little bit of sugar

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50
Q

What is the majority of the molecule in a glycosaminoglycan or GAG?

A

mostly sugar with a little bit more sugar with an amino acid attached to it

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51
Q

Do GAGs have many hydrophilic groups?

A

yes - likes to absorb water

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52
Q

What is the function of a GAG?

A

serves as a selective barrier to diffusion of inorganic ions and charged molecules

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53
Q

GAGs are long branching polymers that form 3D networks for ________ and ________

A

strength, support

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54
Q

What are some examples of GAGs?

A

hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, and dermatan sulfate

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55
Q

What is a feature of ground substance?

A

viscosity of ground substance is related to types of GAGs present

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56
Q

What is hyaluronic acid?

A

a non-sulfated GAG capable of binding large amounts of water

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57
Q

Where is hyaluronic acid found and what does it contain?

A

present in large amounts in the skin and contains glucosamine

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58
Q

What is chondroitin sulfate and where is it found?

A

a sulfated GAG present in the hard connective tissues (cartilage)

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59
Q

What are the components of loose connective tissues?

A

several cell types

all three types of fibers (collagen, elastin, reticular)

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60
Q

What is the structure of areolar connective tissue and what is its function?

A 
loosely arranged collagen predominates
function is to bind organs together
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61
Q

What is the function of adipose connective tissue and what is its function?

A

structure: adipocytes predominate function is to store fat

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62
Q

What is the structure and function of reticular connective tissue?

A

structure: reticular fibers predominate
function: forms stroma of lymph nodes, liver, spleen and bone marrow

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63
Q

What types of cells are found in all three types of loose connective tisuses?

A

fibroblasts

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64
Q

What are the 4 types of loose connective tissue?

A

areolar
adipose
reticular
hemopoietic

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65
Q

What is the most common cell in loose connective tissue?

A

fibroblasts

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66
Q

Where do fibroblasts come from?

A

they arise from another fibroblast or mesenchymal cell

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67
Q

What are some characteristics of fibroblasts?

A

fusiform or stellate shaped
nucleus: fine chromatin
1-2 nucleoli

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68
Q

What is the function of fibroblasts?

A

to produce fibers and ground substance which is very important in wound healing

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69
Q

What is the function of mesenchymal cells and what is different from fibroblasts?

A

function: undifferentiated stem cells capable of giving rise to other cells of mesenchymal origin
similar to fibroblasts except that chromatin is more coarse

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70
Q

What is the function of adipocytes?

A

specialized for the synthesis and or intake of lipids

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71
Q

What are some features of adipocytes?

A

unilocular (yellow) fat

adipocytes from several small lipid droplets fuse into a singelalr ge droplet

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72
Q

What is different about the cytoplasm and nucleus in an adipocyte?

A

the cytoplasm and nucleus are displaced peripherally

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73
Q

In multilocular (brown) fat do the adipocytes fuse into a large single droplet?

A

no they retain multiple lipid droplets

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74
Q

Where do macrophages originate?

A

from blood monocytes

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75
Q

What is the function of macrophages?

A

phagocytosis of cell debris, altered intercellular material, microorganisms and foreign material

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76
Q

What do macrophages contribute to?

A

the initiation of the immunological reactions of the body by processing antigens

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77
Q

What are some features of macrophages?

A

irregular outline, ovoid nucleus, usually distinguished from fibroblasts by the presence of phagocytosed matter

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78
Q

What can macrophages fuse to form?

A

may fuse to form giant cells

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79
Q

What is the function of mast cells?

A

contain heparin (anticoagulant) and histamine (dilates blood vessels)

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80
Q

What are some features of mast cells?

A

granulocyte, cytoplasm full of secretory granules (vesicles)

usually associated with capillaries and are relatively small with a dark-staining nucleus

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81
Q

Where do hematopoetic tissue arise?

A

from a stem cell

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82
Q

What are hematopoetic tissues?

A

specialized type of loose connective tissue

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83
Q

Hematopoetic cells can become which 2 types of cells?

A

myeloid or lymphoid cells

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84
Q

What can myloid responsible for?

A

making rbcs, platelets and granulocytes

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85
Q

What can lymphoid cells turn into?

A

B or T cells

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86
Q

If a B cell is exposed to an antigen what will happen?

A

it will produce antibody and become a plasma cell

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87
Q

What are lymphoid cells?

A

leukocytes, cells of lymphoid origin that are mature in lymphoid tissue which utilize vascular channels for transport to the connective tissues

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88
Q

What are T and B cells?

A

lymphocytes and plasma cells

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89
Q

What is the smallest cell in the connective tissue?

A

lymphocytes

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90
Q

What will a lymphocyte look like if stained?

A

large dark staining nucleus thin rim of basophilic cytoplasm

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91
Q

Where are lymphocytes found?

A

numerous in connective tissue supporting the epithelium of the respiratory and GI tracts

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92
Q

What is the function of a T cell?

A

cell-mediated immunity; direct and regulate immune responses, directly attack infected or cancerous cells

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93
Q

What is the function of a B cell?

A

recognize antigen, each B cell is programmed to make one specific antibody

94
Q

What is a plasma cell?

A

a B cell that produces antibody

95
Q

What are some features of plasma cells?

A

oval-shaped; cytoplasm stains basophilic as a result of its large content of rough endoplasmic reticulum

96
Q

What is seen on the nucleus of plasma cells when stained?

A

a perinuclear halo

97
Q

Heterochromatin disposed around the periphery of the nucleus of a plasma cell is said to have what type of appearance?

A

a cartwheel appearance

98
Q

What is a plasma cell responsible for?

A

for humoral immunity, synthesizing and secreting antibodies that will travel in the blood to gain access to the connective tissue spaces

99
Q

A lot of plasma cells would be considered what?

A

multiple myeloma

100
Q

What are myeloid cells?

A

leukocytes; cells of myeloid origin; developed in hemopoietic tissue, mature and move into connective tissue from blood vessels; function in connective tissues

101
Q

What are some examples of myeloid cells?

A

neutrophil, monocyte, eosinophil

102
Q

What is one feature of monocytes?

A

they are large cells

103
Q

What are the functions of monocytes?

A

precursor to macrophages, phagocytes that circulate in the blood

104
Q

what happens when monocytes migrate into tissues?

A

they develop into macrophages and function in phagocytosis

105
Q

What is the function of neutrophils?

A

acute inflammation, phagocytose bacteria

106
Q

What are some features of neutrophils?

A

granulocytes, contain lysosomes, lobulated nucleus: usually 2-5 lobes

107
Q

What is the function of eosinophils?

A

allergy, parasites, phagocytosis of antigen-antibody complexes

108
Q

What doe some granules contain and what does it prevent?

A

some contain profibrinolysin which prevents intravascular clotting

109
Q

What are some features of eosinophils?

A

granulocyte, usually beloved, contain cytoplasmic granules (stain red in a blood smear using Wrights stain)

110
Q

What is the function of basophils?

A

granules contain heparin (an anticoagulant) and histamine (a vasodilator) precise function is unknown

111
Q

What are some features of basophils?

A

granulocyte, rare in connective tissue usually found in bone marrow, wrights stain on blood smear shows cytoplasmic granules are blue - purple

112
Q

What are the 2 types of regularly arranged connective tissue?

A

ligament or tendons

113
Q

What are general features of dense connective tissue subtypes?

A

differs from loose connective tissue mainly in preponderance of fibers (collagen) over cells and ground substance

114
Q

How much force can dense connective tissue withstand?

A

1000-18000 lbs/In2

115
Q

What are dense irregular connective tissues?

A

fiber bundles form interwoven sheets, collagen fibers predominate, some elastic and reticular fibers may be present

116
Q

What is the function of dense irregular connective tissue?

A

comprises dermis of the skin, fibrous sheaths of cartilage and bones, capsules of some organs (ex: testes, liver, lymph nodes)

117
Q

Where is dense irregular connective tissue found?

A

in areas where tensions are exerted in several directions

118
Q

What is dense regular connective tissue?

A

mostly collagen fibers, occasional elastic fibers, orderly, parallel arrangement

119
Q

What is the function of dense regular connective tissue?

A

comprises tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses and occurs in structures subject to tension in one direction

120
Q

What are the major roles of connective tissue?

A

fluid dynamics and inflammatory response

121
Q

Connective tissue forms what type of fluid?

A

interstitial fluid

122
Q

How does fluid exit the blood vascular system?

A

through capillaries

123
Q

What is the function of interstitial fluid?

A

delivers nutrients to cells carries waste material from the cells

124
Q

What is hydrostatic pressure?

A

(think fluid as the driving force)

causes fluid to leak out of the capillaries into the interstitial space

125
Q

Are large molecular weight materials able to leave the vessels under hydrostatic pressure?

A

no because of the close approximation of endothelial cells

126
Q

What is osmotic pressure?

A

(think particles as driving force) fluid reenters venules hydrostatic pressure is reduced in the v enules and osmotic pressure in venules is higher than in arterioles as a result of fluid loss from capillaries

127
Q

Does all fluid return to the blood vascular system?

A

no

128
Q

What is edema?

A

excess tissue is present in the connective tissues paces or imbalance of fluid dynamics

129
Q

What causes increased formation of tissue fluid?

A

increased hydrostatic pressure in the capillaries
increased permeability of capillary endothelium results in a leaking of blood colloids (large molecular weight substances) into tissue spaces

130
Q

What are some examples of increased formation tissue fluid?

A

venous obstruction, venous thrombosis, cardiac failure

131
Q

What is decreased resorption of tissue fluid?

A

lowered blood colloids which lowers osmotic pressure

lowering of resorption gradient, lymphatic obstruction

132
Q

What are some examples of decreased resorption of tissue fluid?

A

kidney diseases, lymphatic obstruction, tumors

133
Q

What is important in host defenses?

A

connective tissue

134
Q

What plays a critical role in inflammation?

A

connective tissue

135
Q

How is inflammation classified?

A

acute inflammation or chronic inflammation

136
Q

What is acute inflammation?

A 
initial response
 short duration (few hours to 4 days)
137
Q

What is chronic inflammation?

A

follows acute inflammation if the casual agent is not removed, long duration: may last for months to years

138
Q

What is the Lewis triple response?

A

acute inflammatory response invoked by skin with a ruler or something similar, first described by Sir Thomas Lewis in 1927

139
Q

What are the three responses in Lewis triple response?

A

flush: due to a dilation of capillaries and venules
flare: due to dilation or arterioles
wheal: swelling due to ocalizled edema

140
Q

What happens during flush?

A

histamine release (mast cells) located in close association with the capillaries

141
Q

What happens during flare?

A

this is due initially to an axonal reflex but is perpetuated by histamine (mast cells) and prostaglandins (endothelial cells)

142
Q

What happens during wheal?

A

a result of fluid and large molecular weight substances leaking out of the capillaries and venules

143
Q

What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?

A 
heat (calor)
redness (rubor)
pain (dolor)
swelling (tumor)
loss of function (function laesa) in later stages
144
Q

What is the purpose of inflammation?

A

serves to dilute toxins and allow leukocytes and antibodies to access extravascular spaces

145
Q

What is the process of inflammation?

A

changes in the caliber of the vessels, changes in vascular permeability, changes in vascular flow, stasis (leukocyte exudation)

146
Q

What is the first stage in inflammation?

A

transient vasoconstriction: initial response of arterioles, varies with degree of injury: seconds to minutes (ex burns)
like neurogenic

147
Q

What is the second stage in inflammation?

A

vasodilation: first involved capillary beds and venules, later arterioles

148
Q

What is the result of vasodilation of arterioles?

A

results in further opening of micro vascular beds in the area

149
Q

What is responsible for the redness and heat seen in inflammation?

A

increase in blood flow

150
Q

What causes an increased local hydrostatic pressure and what does it cause?

A

increased volume in capillaries and venules results in increased local hydrostatic pressure which causes a transudation of protein poor fluid into the extravascular spaces

151
Q

What is increased permeability of inflammation?

A

capillaries and venules due to chemical mediators which causes an outpouring of protein rich fluid into the extravascular spaces

152
Q

What does increased permeability result in?

A

results in loss of fluid in vessels which causes increased concentration of red blood cells which is concomitant in slowing blood flow (increased viscosity)

153
Q

What is stasis in inflammation?

A

slowing of blood flow which increases margination of white blood cells and thus increased diapedesis (movement of WBCs out of the blood vessels)

154
Q

What are chemical mediators and where do they originate?

A

injury precipitates the inflammatory response but released chemicals mediate it
originate from plasma, cells, damaged tissue

155
Q

What are the two classes of inflammation?

A

vasoactive amines (histamine and serotonin), vasoactive polypeptides formed by specific enzyme action (breakdown products of proteins and tissues (kallikerin ndabr adykinin)

156
Q

What are other agents influencing inflammation?

A

toxins from bacteria, prostaglandins (from endothelial cells), lysosomal enzymes (from neutrophils), products of DNA and RNA breakdown, antigen-antibody complexes

157
Q

In acute inflammation the presence of monocytes increase after how many hours?

A

24-48hrs

158
Q

If acute inflammation is due to an allergic reaction than large numbers of what will be present?

A

eosinophils

159
Q

What is formed if pyogenic bacteria is involved in acute inflammation?

A

pus is formed

160
Q

What is predominate in the first 6-24 hours of acute inflammation?

A

emigration of neutrophils (in this period there is some emigration of monocytes (which transform to macrophages)

161
Q

What does chronic inflammation include?

A

reductions in numbers of neutrophils, appearance of lymphocytes and plasma cells

162
Q

What plays an important role in chronic inflammation?

A

macrophages (in some cases there is the formation of foreign body giant cells0

163
Q

What forms new capillaries in chronic inflammation?

A

proliferation of vascular endothelium

164
Q

In chronic inflammation there is proliferation of what?

A

fibroblasts and collagen production and subsequent fibrosis

165
Q

What is another name for spongy bone?

A

cancellous

166
Q

What is perosteum?

A

surrounds outside of compact bone; continuous with tendon

167
Q

What is endosteum?

A

lines inner surface of bone facing marrow cavity and haversian canals

168
Q

What is dense connective tissue?

A

fibroblasts and collagen bundles

169
Q

What do progenitor cells become and what do they do?

A

they become osteoblasts that heal and grow bone

170
Q

What are osteoblasts?

A

secrete bone matrix (uncalcified)

171
Q

Where are osteoblasts found?

A

found only at the boundary between bone and periosteum/endosteum

172
Q

Why do osteoblasts have extensive rough ER and Golgi?

A

because they are actively secreting matrix

173
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

osteoblasts that have become trapped within calcified matrix

174
Q

How are osteocytes connected to one another?

A

by gap junctions via processes that extend through canaliculi for the transport of nutrients and wastes

175
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A

multinucleated cells, large blood derived (similar to macrophages)

176
Q

What do osteoclasts do?

A

degrade the bone matrix (secretes H+ and lysosomal enzymes for reabsorption)

177
Q

What is collagen type I?

A

glycosaminoglycans, glycoproteins, organic components (bone matrix is arranged in layers called lamellae)

178
Q

What is calcium phosphate crystals?

A

inorganic salts that makes bone hard

179
Q

How much of the weight of bone is from inorganic salts?

A

over 50% of the weight of bone

180
Q

How is mature bone laid down?

A

in layers

181
Q

What are the components of bone matrix?

A

collagen (type I) and calcium phosphate crystals (inorganic salts)

182
Q

What is an osteon?

A

concentric rings of lamellae

183
Q

How is immature bone laid down?

A

randomly interwoven collagen fiber-hydroxyapatite matrix

184
Q

What type of bone is laid down in osteons that run parallel?

A

mature bone

185
Q

What are osteocytes really close to ?

A

osteocytes are very close to one another and very close to vessels

186
Q

What is involved in the remodeling of bone by breaking down the matrix?

A

osteoblasts

187
Q

each concentric lameallae has fibers in what direction?

A

opposite orientation

188
Q

What are interstitial lameallae remnants of?

A

remnants of older osteons

189
Q

What lays down new matrix in concentric lamellae?

A

osteoblasts

190
Q

What is something very important to know about cartilage?

A

it is avascular

191
Q

What are chondroblasts derived from?

A

progenitor cells in perichondrium

192
Q

What is perichondrium?

A

dense connective tissue containing fibroblasts and collagen (type I)

193
Q

What do blood vessels in the perichondrium do?

A

support cartilage cells via diffusion of nutrients/wastes through the matrix

194
Q

Does perichondrium have the ability to repair cartilage?

A

only limited ability

195
Q

Where is perichondrium not present?

A

not present at articular surfaces and epiphyseal plates

196
Q

Can cartilage regenerate?

A

not very well - normally is replaced with fibrous tissue

197
Q

What do chondroblasts secrete?

A

matrix=appositional growth

198
Q

Once the chondroblasts become totally surrounded by the matrix they become what kind of cell?

A

become chondrocytes

199
Q

What increases with appositional growth?

A

increases circumference of cell

200
Q

Do chondrocytes actively divide?

A

yes

201
Q

What do chondrocytes secrete?

A

matrix=interstitial growth

202
Q

Where are chondrocytes found?

A

inside the lacunae

203
Q

How much water is in cartilage matrix?

A

about 75% by mass

204
Q

What is hyaline cartilage?

A

type II collagen

205
Q

What is elastic cartilage?

A

type II collagen and elastic fibers

206
Q

What is fibrocartilage?

A

type I and II collagen

207
Q

What does type II collagen form and can it be seen with light microscope?

A

fibrils but NOT fibers therefore they cannot be seen by light microscope

208
Q

What is hyaluronic acid?

A

a very large molecule with a lot of proteins and a lot of negative charge

209
Q

What re the proteoglycans and GAGs in the cartilage matrix?

A

aggrecan, chondroitin, sulfate and keratin sulfate

210
Q

What does hyluronate bind?

A

cations and water forming hydrated gel that is resistant to compression

211
Q

What is hyaline cartilage?

A

“typical” cartilage that is homogenous and has an amorpheous matrix

212
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage found?

A

in articular surfaces and epiphyseal plates

213
Q

Where is endochondral bone?

A

fetal skeleton

214
Q

What does a darker stain indicate?

A

higher proteoglycans

215
Q

Where is elastic cartilage found?

A

in pinna of ear, ear canal and epiglottis

216
Q

Where is fibrocartilage found?

A

at symphysis joints (pubic symphysis and intervertebral disks), articular disks, and menisci

217
Q

What type of cartilage resists compression because it has hyaluronic acid?

A

fibrocartilage

218
Q

What is NOT found in fibrocartilage?

A

no periochondrium; instead fibroblasts are incorporated within tissue

219
Q

Which cartilage is more columnar shaped?

A

fibrocartilage

220
Q

What type of cartilage is more round in shape?

A

hyaline cartilage

221
Q

What will you see in elastic cartilage?

A

fibers

222
Q

What is endochondral ossification?

A

bone is formed through the ossification of a cartilaginous model

223
Q

What is intermembraneous ossification?

A

mesenchyme within connective tissue differentiated directly to osteoblasts which create bone de novo

224
Q

How is most bone formed?

A

through endrochondral ossification

225
Q

What is different about intermembraneous ossification?

A

it skips the cartilage step

226
Q

What are the 5 zones of endochondrial ossification that are all happening at the same time?

A

zone of reserve cartilage (resting zone), zone of proliferation, zone of hypertrophy, zone of calcification, zone ossification

227
Q

What happens when there is hypertrophy?

A

we end up with empty lacunae, chondrocytes increase in size and accumulate glycogen

228
Q

What is happening in the zone of ossification?

A

osteoblasts are invading and building new bone over the layer of calcified cartilage

229
Q

What is happening in the zone of proliferation?

A

chondrocytes are actively dividing producing columns of isogenous cells

230
Q

What happens in the zone of calcification?

A

chondrocytes degenerate, hydroxyapatite crystals form within cartilage, blood vessels are invading

231
Q

What happens during a bone fracture?

A

blood clots inside bone, connective tissue is formed, cartilage forms which will calcify and give a callus which remodels and creates mature bone

MCBM (6 decks)

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