Other Protest Movements Flashcards
Student Movements Why?
to end the conformist culture(conforming with past norms) of the 1950s and liberate African Americans from social inequality
to end the vietnam war
free speech movement
SDS
Students for a democratic society
campaign against racial injustice, war, human rights violations, and better student rights in university.
mainly students from the university of Michigan. 100,000 members by the end of 1960s
sit ins rallies
changing some university rules
Started the “New Left” believing in Participatory democracy in which individual participation by citizens are more involved in the policies that affect everyday life instead of through elected representatives
Berkeley Free Speech Movement
protesting racial discrimination right to have protests on campus and freedom of speech
19000 UC Berkeley Students
sit ins, rallies, speeches
changing of university rules
Hippies
reject society . Peace, love and happiness.
somewhere around 1/2 a million
mass rallies/sit ins. burning draft cards and helping the drafted hide
changed social norms eg legal marijuana, gay marriage, natural foods, single parenthood
split society into supporters and non supporters of war
Betty Friedan
writer of the Feminine Mystique
showed that many women felt trapped only doing housework and that societal norms were keeping them in these roles
fought for equal pay and against workplace discrimination.
wants women to be viewed as more than just wives and mothers but as their own people
Founds NOW National Organisation for Women and is the first president of it
organised many feminist protests and marches.
Importance of women’s personal fulfilment and equality.
highlighted need for the 1963 equal pay act and title 7 of civil rights act
Why Women’s Movement
In WW2 women joined the workforce as men went to war. challenges societal norms and highlights gender inequality. Women were expected to then give up jobs once they were married also showing the unfairness.
Eleanore Roosevelt
wife of FDR. Held prominent position and used influence to advance women’s rights. pressures FDR to employ women in senior government positions. She broke the mould of a traditional first lady, delivering speeches, press conferences. The first delegate of the US for the UN. big part in drafting the Universal Declaration of Human Rights(UDHR) including provisions explicitly addressing gender equality and women’s rights. Changes UDHR article 1 to all humans instead of all men. Supported and took apart in many women’s organisations. first chair of the Presidential Commission on the Status of Women (PCSW) established by JFK. inspirational figure on gender equality
NOW
Founded 1966 by activists including Betty Friedan
focuses on child care, pregnancy leave, abortion rights, pension rights, getting a passage of a Equal Rights Amendment to constitution.
Women’s liberation Movement
more radical and more strongly feminist, critical of patriarchy, and voice for lesbians and bisexuals.
confrontational and violent tactics disrupting miss america 1968, Ms magazine devoted to feminist issues. also smaller consciousness raising work eg help groups on issues like contraception, child care, and employment rights.
Impact of Women’s movement
shifted society’s views on women, lesbians and bisexuals. gave women a stronger voice. the passing of Roe v Wade which made it legal to have abortion (overturned 2022). Something done on unequal pay Equal Pay Act and EEOC set up
PCSW
President’s commission on the status of women. Commissionedto research the status/position of women in employment. The report demonstrated inequalities faced by women in work ie unequal pay, rare promotions, traditional female roles, contributes to equal pay act and civil rights act. limitations of impact not setting out an action plan. The report concluded main role of women was still in the home.
Equal Pay Act
1963 illegal to pay people different rates for doing the same job. difficult to prove and enforce so widely ignored.
civil rights act on women
banned discrimination in employment. equal employment opportunity commission(EEOC) established to investigate and bring change. EEOC didn’t do much to enforce though, and difficult to prove.
Griswold v. Connecticut
1965 legal challenge brought by Estelle griswold for opening a birth control clinic. stated that married couples could not be refused contraception as it was unconstitutional. constitution protects marital privacy as a right. Supreme court rules all state laws that banned contraception are now banned extended to unmarried couples in 1972
Opposition to the Women’s Movement
more traditional minded people were not as open to change. some men and women liked it the way it was. Phyllis Schlafly, a catholic lawyer and mother of six was one of the main opposition voices founding the STOP ERA campaign (Stop Taking Our Privileges)
