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Pharm Test 3 > Other Pharm Stuff > Flashcards

Other Pharm Stuff Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main material of bacterial cell walls?

A

Peptidoglycan

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2
Q
  • a strong repeating network of carbohydrates and protein chains found only in bacteria
  • contains sugars bound to peptides
A

Peptidoglycan

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3
Q

What are the chains of proteins in bacteria cell walls called?

A

Penicillin binding proteins (PBPs) - because penicillin and related AB bind to them

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4
Q

What was the first mass produced AB?

A

Penicillin

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5
Q

-microbes that can cause human disease

A

Pathogens

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6
Q

-the ability of an organism to cause disease

A

Pathogenicity

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7
Q

-the measure of an organisms pathogenicity

A

Virulence

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8
Q

-ability to grow rapidly and surround tissues

A

Invasiveness

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9
Q

-production of toxins

A

Toxicity

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10
Q

How are bacteria classified?

A

Staining
Shape
Ability to use Oxygen

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11
Q

What are the staining possibilities for classifying bacteria?

A

Gram+ & Gram- (as determined by a Violet Gram Stain)

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12
Q

What test is used to determine if an organism is Gram+ or Gram-?

A

Violet Gram Stain

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13
Q

What shapes can a bacteria be classifed by?

A

Rod-shaped (bacilli)
Spherical (cocci)
Spiral (spirilli)

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14
Q

How can bacteria be classified by their ability to use oxygen?

A

Aerobic or Anaerobic

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15
Q

-any medication that is effective against pathogens

A

Anti-infective

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16
Q

How are anti-infectives classified?

A

Susceptible organism
Chemical Structure
Mechanism of Action

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17
Q

What are the classifications for anti-infectives according to susceptible organism?

A 
Antibiotic
Antiviral
Antifungal
Antihelminthic
Antiprotozoan
18
Q

What do anti-infectives target?

A

A pathogen’s metabolism or life cycle

19
Q

Of the anti-infectives we are studying, which target cell wall synthesis?

A

Penicillin G (Penicillins)
Cephazolin (Cephalosporins)
Vancomycin (Gycopeptides)

20
Q

Of the anti-infectives we are studying, which inhibit protein synthesis?

A

Tetracycline (Tetracyclines)
Erythromycin (Macrolides)
Gentamycin (Aminoglycosides)

21
Q

Of the anti-infectives we are studying, which inhibit bacterial DNA replications?

A

Ciprofloxacin (Fluoroquinolones)

22
Q

Of the anti-infectives we are studying, which inhibit folic acid?

A

Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole (Sulfonamides)

23
Q

Of the anti-infectives we are studying, which acts as a urinary tract antiseptic?

A

Nitrofurantoin (Urinary Antiseptics)

24
Q

Of the anti-infectives we are studying, which are antifungals?

A

Amphotericin B (Polyene antifungal drugs)
Flucanazole (Azoles)
Nystatin (Polyene antifungal drugs)

25
Q

-the ability of an organism to become insensitive to effects of an anti-infective

A

Acquired resistance

26
Q

What are some mechanisms of action for infectives that have acquired resistance?

A 
Destroy drugs (creation of enzymes, ie penicillinase)
Prevent drug from entering the pathogen
Remove drug via resistance pumps
Alter drug's target site
Develop alternative metabolic pathways
27
Q

How do bacteria change their physiology to become resistant?

A
  • by replicating rapidly
  • mutating spontaneously and randomly
  • acquiring resistance and promoting resistance to other bacteria via conjugation
28
Q
  • the transfer of small pieces of DNA called plasmids

- allows bacteria to share DNA and become resistant to anti-infectives

A

Conjugation

29
Q

What are some guidelines to preventing resistant strains of bacteria?

A

Prevent infections (immunizations, catheter care)
Diagnose and treat infections properly
Use antimicrobials wisely
Prevent transmission of infections (handwashing between patients, isolation of infectious patients)

30
Q

-infections acquired in a health care setting

A

Nosocomial infections (or HAIs = healthcare associated infections)

31
Q

What are the main sources for Nosocomial infections/HAIs?

A 
Patient flora (skin, lungs, urinary tract)
Invasive devices (catheters, endoscopes)
Medical personnel (infected workers)
Medical environment (clothing, instruments, food)
32
Q
  • type of infection
  • resistant to certain ABs
  • at least 60% of infections are resistant to penicillin
  • most often acquired in hospitals
  • usually occurs in patients with weakened immune systems
  • therapy options are limited
A

MRSA (Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus

33
Q
  • type of infection
  • found in wounds and pressure ulcers in hospitals and nursing homes
  • patients with weakened immune systems at most risk
  • more than 95% of strains are Enterococcus faecium
  • therapy options are limited
A

VRE (Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci)

34
Q

What is the key to effective antibiotic treatment?

A
  • C&S testing = isolates the organism, identifies the ideal antibiotic
  • broad spectrum antibiotics to start, then narrow spectrum
  • antibiotics should NOT be prescribed for viral infections such as the common cold
35
Q

What are examples of anti-infectives being used for preventative therapy?

A 
HIV-AIDS
Deep puncture wounds
Prosthetic heart valves
Certain kinds of surgery
Health care workers exposed to infected patients
HIV contaminated fluids
Newborns, when mother is HIV+
36
Q

What are some patient factors that can affect the choice of an anti-infective?

A

-host defenses: immune system status
-local tissue conditions: at infection site
-allergic reactions: hypersensitivity
-pregnancy status: some drugs are secreted in breast milk or cross the placenta
-age: elderly are less able to metabolize antibiotics
-genetics: absence of enzyme can limit ability to metabolize antibiotics
co-morbidities: liver or kidney dysfunction

37
Q
  • type of infection
  • occurs when antibiotics kill the host’s normal flora
  • additional nutrients and space become available for other pathogens to grow
  • secondary infections arise
A

Superinfections or Suprainfections

38
Q

Which type - broad or narrow spectrum - antibiotics is more likely to cause a Superinfection?

A

Broad spectrum

39
Q

What organisms commonly cause super/suprainfections?

A

Candida albicans

Clostridium difficile

40
Q

-infection of the large intestine (colon) with an overgrowth of Clostridium difficile bacteria

A

Pseudomembranous colitis

Pharm Test 3 (4 decks)

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