Other Pharm Stuff

Question 1

What is the main material of bacterial cell walls?

Answer 1

Peptidoglycan

Question 2

• a strong repeating network of carbohydrates and protein chains found only in bacteria
• contains sugars bound to peptides

Answer 2

Peptidoglycan

Question 3

What are the chains of proteins in bacteria cell walls called?

Answer 3

Penicillin binding proteins (PBPs) - because penicillin and related AB bind to them

Question 4

What was the first mass produced AB?

Answer 4

Penicillin

Question 5

-microbes that can cause human disease

Answer 5

Pathogens

Question 6

-the ability of an organism to cause disease

Answer 6

Pathogenicity

Question 7

-the measure of an organisms pathogenicity

Answer 7

Virulence

Question 8

-ability to grow rapidly and surround tissues

Answer 8

Invasiveness

Question 9

-production of toxins

Answer 9

Toxicity

Question 10

How are bacteria classified?

Answer 10

Staining
Shape
Ability to use Oxygen

Question 11

What are the staining possibilities for classifying bacteria?

Answer 11

Gram+ & Gram- (as determined by a Violet Gram Stain)

Question 12

What test is used to determine if an organism is Gram+ or Gram-?

Answer 12

Violet Gram Stain

Question 13

What shapes can a bacteria be classifed by?

Answer 13

Rod-shaped (bacilli)
Spherical (cocci)
Spiral (spirilli)

Question 14

How can bacteria be classified by their ability to use oxygen?

Answer 14

Aerobic or Anaerobic

Question 15

-any medication that is effective against pathogens

Answer 15

Anti-infective

Question 16

How are anti-infectives classified?

Answer 16

Susceptible organism
Chemical Structure
Mechanism of Action

Question 17

What are the classifications for anti-infectives according to susceptible organism?

Answer 17

Antibiotic
Antiviral
Antifungal
Antihelminthic
Antiprotozoan

Question 18

What do anti-infectives target?

Answer 18

A pathogen’s metabolism or life cycle

Question 19

Of the anti-infectives we are studying, which target cell wall synthesis?

Answer 19

Penicillin G (Penicillins)
Cephazolin (Cephalosporins)
Vancomycin (Gycopeptides)

Question 20

Of the anti-infectives we are studying, which inhibit protein synthesis?

Answer 20

Tetracycline (Tetracyclines)
Erythromycin (Macrolides)
Gentamycin (Aminoglycosides)

Question 21

Of the anti-infectives we are studying, which inhibit bacterial DNA replications?

Answer 21

Ciprofloxacin (Fluoroquinolones)

Question 22

Of the anti-infectives we are studying, which inhibit folic acid?

Answer 22

Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole (Sulfonamides)

Question 23

Of the anti-infectives we are studying, which acts as a urinary tract antiseptic?

Answer 23

Nitrofurantoin (Urinary Antiseptics)

Question 24

Of the anti-infectives we are studying, which are antifungals?

Answer 24

Amphotericin B (Polyene antifungal drugs)
Flucanazole (Azoles)
Nystatin (Polyene antifungal drugs)

Question 25

-the ability of an organism to become insensitive to effects of an anti-infective

Answer 25

Acquired resistance

Question 26

What are some mechanisms of action for infectives that have acquired resistance?

Answer 26

``` Destroy drugs (creation of enzymes, ie penicillinase) Prevent drug from entering the pathogen Remove drug via resistance pumps Alter drug's target site Develop alternative metabolic pathways ```

Question 27

How do bacteria change their physiology to become resistant?

Answer 27

- by replicating rapidly - mutating spontaneously and randomly - acquiring resistance and promoting resistance to other bacteria via conjugation

Question 28

- the transfer of small pieces of DNA called plasmids | - allows bacteria to share DNA and become resistant to anti-infectives

Answer 28

Conjugation

Question 29

What are some guidelines to preventing resistant strains of bacteria?

Answer 29

Prevent infections (immunizations, catheter care) Diagnose and treat infections properly Use antimicrobials wisely Prevent transmission of infections (handwashing between patients, isolation of infectious patients)

Question 30

-infections acquired in a health care setting

Answer 30

Nosocomial infections (or HAIs = healthcare associated infections)

Question 31

What are the main sources for Nosocomial infections/HAIs?

Answer 31

``` Patient flora (skin, lungs, urinary tract) Invasive devices (catheters, endoscopes) Medical personnel (infected workers) Medical environment (clothing, instruments, food) ```

Question 32

- type of infection - resistant to certain ABs - at least 60% of infections are resistant to penicillin - most often acquired in hospitals - usually occurs in patients with weakened immune systems - therapy options are limited

Answer 32

MRSA (Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus

Question 33

- type of infection - found in wounds and pressure ulcers in hospitals and nursing homes - patients with weakened immune systems at most risk - more than 95% of strains are Enterococcus faecium - therapy options are limited

Answer 33

VRE (Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci)

Question 34

What is the key to effective antibiotic treatment?

Answer 34

- C&S testing = isolates the organism, identifies the ideal antibiotic - broad spectrum antibiotics to start, then narrow spectrum - antibiotics should NOT be prescribed for viral infections such as the common cold

Question 35

What are examples of anti-infectives being used for preventative therapy?

Answer 35

``` HIV-AIDS Deep puncture wounds Prosthetic heart valves Certain kinds of surgery Health care workers exposed to infected patients HIV contaminated fluids Newborns, when mother is HIV+ ```

Question 36

What are some patient factors that can affect the choice of an anti-infective?

Answer 36

-host defenses: immune system status -local tissue conditions: at infection site -allergic reactions: hypersensitivity -pregnancy status: some drugs are secreted in breast milk or cross the placenta -age: elderly are less able to metabolize antibiotics -genetics: absence of enzyme can limit ability to metabolize antibiotics co-morbidities: liver or kidney dysfunction

Question 37

- type of infection - occurs when antibiotics kill the host's normal flora - additional nutrients and space become available for other pathogens to grow - secondary infections arise

Answer 37

Superinfections or Suprainfections

Question 38

Which type - broad or narrow spectrum - antibiotics is more likely to cause a Superinfection?

Answer 38

Broad spectrum

Question 39

What organisms commonly cause super/suprainfections?

Answer 39

Candida albicans | Clostridium difficile

Question 40

-infection of the large intestine (colon) with an overgrowth of Clostridium difficile bacteria

Answer 40

Pseudomembranous colitis