Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pharm Test 3 > AntiInfectives > Flashcards

AntiInfectives Flashcards

1
Q

What was the first mass produced AB?

A

Penicillin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How does Penicillin work (mechanism of action)?

A

Kills bacteria by destroying the cell wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

-portion of the chemical structure of Penicillin and some other ABs that is responsible for their antibacterial activity

A

Beta Lactam Ring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the other classes of AB that contain a Beta Lactam Ring?

A

Cephalosporins, Monobactams, Carbapenems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

When a bacteria mutates and becomes resistant to Penicillin, what happens?

A
  • when they mutate they lack the building protein that is susceptible to ABs
  • they secrete an enzyme called penicillinase that splits penicillin’s beta lactam ring
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the enzyme that is secreted by bacteria resistant to Penicillin?

A

Penicillinase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the general term for any enzyme that is secreted to resist the beta lactam ring?

A

Beta-lactamase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Why is Penicillin less effective against bacteria cells that are already formed?

A

-because penicillin works on destroying the cell wall, it is easier for it to be effective when the cell wall is under construction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How can genes that encode for penicillinase be transferred from one bacteria to another?

A

Conjugation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What happens when bacteria share the genes for penicillinase?

A

-this spreads the development of resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What type of bacteria is Penicillin useful against?

A

Mainly Gram+ (and mainly limited to Streptococcus now, due to resistance)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What do natural penicillins lack activity against?

A

Gram- bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What type of penicillin has been developed that offers activity against Gram+ and some Gram- bacilli?

A

Aminopenicillins (broad spectrum penicillins)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are some examples of Aminopenicillins?

A

Amoxicillin, Ampicillin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q
  • broad spectrum plus have activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa
  • class includes Piperaciliin, Ticarcillin-clavulanate
A

Extended Spectrum Penicillins (antipseudomonals)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q
  • type of penicillin developed that is resistant to penicillinase
  • narrow spectrum of activity
  • mainly used for Staph
A

Penicillinase Resistant Penicillin (antistaphylococcal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How much of the dry weight of a bacteria cell consists of protein?

A

50%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Why is it that AB that kill bacterial protein synthesis do not also kill human ribosomes?

A

While bacteria protein synthesis works the same as in humans (DNA used as template to make mRNA, mRNA sent to ribosomes to make protein chain), human ribosomes are larger and denser than bacterial ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

-class of Anti-infective
-alternative for patients who are allergic to penicillin
-most effective against Gram+
newer version (with enteric coating) causes less GI upset than original
-resistance developing

A

Macrolides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the #1 AB offender for C. diff infections?

A

Clidamycin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the three ways that drugs can block DNA synthesis?

A

1) inhibit synthesis of precursor bases or nucleotides
2) interact with or bind to DNA, preventing uncoiling or relaxation
3) bind to enzymes of replication, stopping the formation of new DNA strands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Which AB turns urine an orangey-red colour or stains contact lenses?

A

Rifampin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q
  • class of Anti-infective
  • active against a broad spectrum of microorganisms
  • traditional choice for UTIs
  • widespread use has lead to increase of resistant strains
  • classified by their absorption and excretion qualities
  • suppresses bacterial growth by inhibiting synthesis of folic acid (only in bacteria)
  • lots of allergies
  • example: trimethoprim-sulfamethazole
A

Sulfonamides (aka Sulfa Drugs)

24
Q
  • class of Anti-infective
  • first mass produced AB
  • kills bacteria by destroying cell wall
  • antibacterial activity due to beta lactam ring
  • lyses growing bacterial cells that are building cell walls
A

Penicillin

25
Q
  • class of Anti-infective
  • over 20 types
  • 5 generations
  • generally considered safe
  • some cross reactivity with penicillin allergic people
A

Cephalosporins

26
Q
  • class of Anti-infective
  • broad spectrum of activity
  • kill bacteria by inhibiting cell wall synthesis
  • better against Gram- and multidrug resistant infections than most penicillins or cephalosporins
  • low incidence of adverse effects
  • examples: imipenem-cilastatin, doripenem, ertapenem, meropenem
A

Carbapenems

27
Q
  • class of Anti-infective
  • five AB in this class
  • each one has broad spectrum of activity against Gram+ and Gram-
  • method of action= inhibit protein synthesis
  • widespread resistance has developed
  • food can reduce drug absorption by 50%
  • patient should be monitored for pseudomembranous colitis cause by C. diff
    example: tetracycline
A

Tetracyclines

28
Q
  • class of Anti-infective
  • alternative AB for patients allergic to penicillin
  • most effective against Gram+
  • resistant strains are becoming more common
  • enteric coating on newer drugs helps with GI irritation
  • examples: erythromycin
A

Macrolides

29
Q
  • class of Anti-infective
  • bind to 30S ribosomal subunits
  • considered narrow spectrum drugs
  • reserved for serious systemic infections
  • effective against aerobic Gram- (like Pseudomonas, Enterobacteriaceae family, E. coli, Serratia, Proteus, Klebsiella
  • must be given parenterally
  • examples: gentamycin
A

Aminoglycosides

30
Q
  • class of Anti-infective
  • act on two enzymes in the DNA replication process
  • bind to DNA gyrase, inhibiting its ability to relax the DNA supercoil
  • bind to topoisomerase IV so the two daughter cells cannot migrate to opposite sides, and division cannot be completed
  • example: Ciproflaxin
A

Fluoroquinolones

31
Q
  • class of Anti-infective
  • anti-infective drugs used only for UTIs
  • given by oral route
  • not for systemic infections
  • do not reach high concentrations in the blood
  • used when infections are resistant to TMP-SMZ or fluoroquinolones
  • example: nitrofurantoin
A

Urinary Tract Antiseptics

32
Q

What different mechanisms of action are used by Anti-Fungal drugs?

A
  • inhibition of Nucleic Acid Synthesis
  • inhibition of Glucan Synthesis
  • inhibition of Ergosterol Synthesis
  • disruption of Membrane Integrity
  • disruption of Microtubul Formation
33
Q
  • class of Anti-Infective
  • largest and most versatile group of antifungals
  • broad spectrum
  • can be administered PO
  • have superior safety profile
  • two chemical classes
  • example: fluconazole
A

Azoles

34
Q

Which ABs are cell wall inhibitors?

A

Penicillin
Cephazolin
Vancomycin

35
Q

Which ABs are protein synthesis inhibitors?

A

Tetracycline
Erythromycin
Gentamycin

36
Q

Which ABs are bacterial DNA replication inhibitors?

A

Ciprofloxacin

37
Q

Which ABs are folic acid inhibitors?

A

Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ)

38
Q

Which ABs are urinary tract antiseptics?

A

Nitrofurantoin

39
Q

Which ABs are antifungals?

A

Amphotericin B
Flucanozole
Nystatin

40
Q

Which antifungals are systemic antifungals?

A

Amphotericin B

Flucanozole

41
Q

Which antifungals are superficial antifungals?

A

Flucanozole

Nystatin

42
Q

Which anti-infectives can cause Steven’s Johnsons syndroms?

A

Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ)

Flucanozole (in immunosuppressed patients)

43
Q

Which anti-infective can cause tendonitis and tendon rupture?

A

Ciprofloxacin

44
Q

Which serious side effects does Amphotericin B have?

A
  • cardiac arrest
  • ototoxicity
  • nephrotoxicity
45
Q

Which anti-infective can cause red man syndrome?

A

Vancomycin

46
Q

Which serious side effects do Gentamycin and Vancomycin have?

A
  • ototoxicity

- nephrotoxocity

47
Q

Which anti-infective can cause discoloration of teeth?

A

Tetracycline

48
Q

Which anti-infective can cause cardiotixicity with risk for torsades de pointes?

A

Erythromycin

49
Q

Which anti-infectives effect Gram+ bacteria?

A

Penicillin

Vancomycin

50
Q

Which anti-infectives effect Gram- bacteria?

A

Ciprofloxacin

51
Q

Which anti-infectives effect Gram+ and Gram- bacteria?

A 
Cephazolin
Tetracycline
Erythromycin
Gentamycin
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ)
Nitrofurantoin
52
Q

Which anti-infectives have a risk of ototoxicity?

A

Vancomycin
Erythromycin
Gentamycin

53
Q

Which anti-infectives have a risk of hepatotoxicity?

A

Vancomycin

possibly Erythromycin

54
Q

Which anti-infectives have a risk of nephrotoxicity?

A

Gentamycin

55
Q

Which anti-infectives have a pregnancy classification of C or D?

A 
Vancomycin
Tetracycline
Gentamycin
Cyprofloxacin
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ)
Flucanozole
56
Q

Which anti-infectives have a pregnancy classification of B?

A 
Nitrofurantoin (dangerous for neonates, not to be used close to term)
Nystatin
Penicillin
Cephazolin
Erythromycin

Pharm Test 3 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions