Other Key Words And Names

Question 1

What is chunking?

Answer 1

Chunking is the process of enhancing memory in the short term by groups together meaningful letters and numbers into into separate units to be put together

Question 2

What is encoding?

Answer 2

Encoding is memory optimisation by means of pairing information with something to give it a contextual, memorable anchor in order to better retrieve it

Question 3

What did Peterson and Peterson ask their participants to do? (The Peterson and Peterson technique)

Answer 3

They were asked to recall a list of trigrams or basically nonsense syllables (for example FGU or IKE)
Between trigrams they were given an interference task, recall had to be 100% accurate and in the right order.

Question 4

How long does the short term memory last?

Answer 4

18-30 seconds on average

Question 5

Who defined how long the short term memory’s duration was?

Answer 5

Peterson and Peterson

Question 6

Short term memory is usually encoded….

Answer 6

Acoustically

Question 7

Long term memory is usually encoded…..

Answer 7

Semantically

Question 8

Condrad’s study was about?

Answer 8

Testing the hypothesis that short term memory is encoded acoustically

Question 9

What did Conrad ask their participants to do?

Answer 9

Particpants we shown 6 constanents that were shown in rapid succession on a screen. There were 2 conditions they were divided into.
- letters were either acoustically or unacoustically similar

Question 10

Conrad found that in his study….

Answer 10

Particpants made more errors in recollecting acoustically similar consanents. Even if displayed visually in front of them they were encoded acoustically

Question 11

What was wrong with Peterson and Peterson’s study?

Answer 11

Order effects from using repeated measures

Question 12

What does non declarative mean?

Answer 12

Cannot be consciously recalled (such as procedural memory)

Question 13

What does declarative memory mean?

Answer 13

Can be expressed in words (such as semantic and episodic memory)

Question 14

Shallice and Warrington did a case study on someone referred to as KF. What happened?

Answer 14

After brain damage KF had poor short term memory. However this was only for verbal information as he could process visual information just fine.

Question 15

Serial digit span test

Answer 15

Jacobs

Question 16

Jacobs

Answer 16

Serial digit span test - capacity of short term memory

Question 17

Interference task by peterson and peterson…

Answer 17

Was counting back in 3s from numbers of varying sizes (they were disrupting the memorising of trigrams)

Question 18

What could Baddely’s coding study be criticised for?

Answer 18

• ecological validity is lacking

Question 19

What makes “cognitive sense” about Baddeley’s coding study?

Answer 19

You remember the thematic elements of memories, you don’t remember the entire transcription.

Question 20

Schmidt did what

Answer 20

Asked a sample aged 11 to 79 years to participate in a questionnaire. They were given a map of Molenberg (a neibourhood where they had grown up) with the street names replaced by numbers. Personal details were collected by the questionnaire such as where they lived and whether they’d moved house.

Question 21

Schmidt’s results?

Answer 21

Those who had moved most often had higher rates of retroactive interference. “There was a positive correlation between the number of times moved out of the Lolenberg neighbourhood and the number of street names forgotten

Question 22

Baddeley and Hitch did what.

Answer 22

Asked rugby players to recall as many of the players they had played against as possible. The aim was to see whether it was time that would lead to decay.

Question 23

What did Baddeley and Hitch find?

Answer 23

That it was the number of games that correlated with low recall rates.

Question 24

Schmidt’s conclusions

Answer 24

It may have been that retroactive interference interfered with recall which would have increased the more street names they’d been familiar with

Question 25

Bahrick’s study did what?

Answer 25

. Ex high school students from the same high school, between ages 17-74 years old.
. Their year books were collected
. They were either asked to recall their classmates either by face, name or just left to freely recall.

Question 26

Bahrick’s results

Answer 26

. If they’d left school within 15 year : 90% recall rates across all conditions
. Those who had left 45 years previously had 80% recall on names and 90% recall of faces