Other Key Words And Names Flashcards
What is chunking?
Chunking is the process of enhancing memory in the short term by groups together meaningful letters and numbers into into separate units to be put together
What is encoding?
Encoding is memory optimisation by means of pairing information with something to give it a contextual, memorable anchor in order to better retrieve it
What did Peterson and Peterson ask their participants to do? (The Peterson and Peterson technique)
They were asked to recall a list of trigrams or basically nonsense syllables (for example FGU or IKE)
Between trigrams they were given an interference task, recall had to be 100% accurate and in the right order.
How long does the short term memory last?
18-30 seconds on average
Who defined how long the short term memory’s duration was?
Peterson and Peterson
Short term memory is usually encoded….
Acoustically
Long term memory is usually encoded…..
Semantically
Condrad’s study was about?
Testing the hypothesis that short term memory is encoded acoustically
What did Conrad ask their participants to do?
Particpants we shown 6 constanents that were shown in rapid succession on a screen. There were 2 conditions they were divided into.
- letters were either acoustically or unacoustically similar
Conrad found that in his study….
Particpants made more errors in recollecting acoustically similar consanents. Even if displayed visually in front of them they were encoded acoustically
What was wrong with Peterson and Peterson’s study?
Order effects from using repeated measures
What does non declarative mean?
Cannot be consciously recalled (such as procedural memory)
What does declarative memory mean?
Can be expressed in words (such as semantic and episodic memory)
Shallice and Warrington did a case study on someone referred to as KF. What happened?
After brain damage KF had poor short term memory. However this was only for verbal information as he could process visual information just fine.
Serial digit span test
Jacobs
Jacobs
Serial digit span test - capacity of short term memory
Interference task by peterson and peterson…
Was counting back in 3s from numbers of varying sizes (they were disrupting the memorising of trigrams)
What could Baddely’s coding study be criticised for?
- ecological validity is lacking
What makes “cognitive sense” about Baddeley’s coding study?
You remember the thematic elements of memories, you don’t remember the entire transcription.
Schmidt did what
Asked a sample aged 11 to 79 years to participate in a questionnaire. They were given a map of Molenberg (a neibourhood where they had grown up) with the street names replaced by numbers. Personal details were collected by the questionnaire such as where they lived and whether they’d moved house.
Schmidt’s results?
Those who had moved most often had higher rates of retroactive interference. “There was a positive correlation between the number of times moved out of the Lolenberg neighbourhood and the number of street names forgotten
Baddeley and Hitch did what.
Asked rugby players to recall as many of the players they had played against as possible. The aim was to see whether it was time that would lead to decay.
What did Baddeley and Hitch find?
That it was the number of games that correlated with low recall rates.
Schmidt’s conclusions
It may have been that retroactive interference interfered with recall which would have increased the more street names they’d been familiar with
Bahrick’s study did what?
. Ex high school students from the same high school, between ages 17-74 years old.
. Their year books were collected
. They were either asked to recall their classmates either by face, name or just left to freely recall.
Bahrick’s results
. If they’d left school within 15 year : 90% recall rates across all conditions
. Those who had left 45 years previously had 80% recall on names and 90% recall of faces
