Forgetting Flashcards
Which researchers showed that memory in the short term memory cannot be retrieved if rehearsal is prevented?
Peterson and Peterson
How can forgetting in the short term memory be prevented?
Rehearsal
What is the Brown-Peterson technique and what is it for?
To prove retrieval is more difficult when participants are counting back in 3s
What is Miller’s theory?
There is a “magic number 7” which is 7 +/- 2 items in the short term memory, or as he referred to them, slots
What was the main issue with Miller’s theory?
That it didn’t specify the quantity of information each slot can hold. If chunking practice is applied with this theory each slot could potentially hold quite a bit of information
The earliest distinction of long term memeory was done by Tulving. What was it?
Procedural, semantic and episodic memory.
What did Cohen and Squire make the distinction between?
Declarative and procedural knowledge
Barrick, Barrick and Wittinger investigated long term memory. How did they?
Participants aged between 17-74 were asked to remember a list of names they themselves made of names of people they graduated with from their yearbooks they’d obtained
In trying to recall them later there were various conditions they were exposed to testing different recollection
In Bahrick, Bahrick and Wittinger’s study what were the three retrieval tests?
. Name recognition
. Photo recognition
. A free recall test
What were the results of Bahrick, Bahrick and Wittinger’s study?
Participants tested within 15 years of their graduation were around 90% accurate, after 48 years they were 80% for verbal and 70% for visual.
. Better photo recognition than free recall
. Therefore they concluded that memory retrieval uses meaningful stimuli but is potentially unlimited in duration
What is declarative knowledge?
Knowledge that can be verbally explained
Counting back in 3s to disrupt retrieval is called the…..
Brown-Peterson technique
The theory of the magic number is by…..
Miller
The diction between procedural, episodic and semantic long term memory was made by…..
Tulving
Godden and Baddeley looked at…..
Deep sea divers, whether they ould recall a list of words whether on land or underwater if they’d learnt it in the other setting or if they’d recall better in the same setting
Godwin et al got…..
48 male medical students to be randomly allocated to 4 conditions made up of of the state they were I when learning the information then the state they were in after.
. Sober, sober
. Sober, alcohol
. Alcohol, sober
. Alcohol Alcohol
In Godden and Baddeley’ study, what were the results?
40% slower recall when out of the setting where they learnt the words
What’s encoding specificity?
Where (according to Tulving), there’s a pattern of retrieval failure when the cues we used to encode the information when we learnt it are no longer there
Context dependant forgetting is….
When you can’t retrieve something because you’re put of the context you learnt it in or external cues
Recall versus recognition is reflected in Baddeley’s study, what was it?
A replication of Godden and Baddeley’s original diver study but used a recognition test instead of a recall test. There was no context dependant forgetting
All of Tulving’s contributions are….
.The encoding specificity principle
.PET scan to discern where the semantic, episodic and procedural memeory was
. The types of long term memory
Vaughan Khaden et al looked at
3 young patients who had suffered brain damage and had episodic amnesia.
What did Vargha Khaden find?
The patients had still functioning LTM, if at a lower capacity. This showed semantic memories don’t need context
Cohen and Squire did what?
Made the distinction between decorative and procedural memory
Primacy and recency effect was proposed by…..
Ebbinghaus
Mudock supported the primacy effect by……
Asking particpants to learn a series of 10-40 words that would flash up for 1-2 seconds
Baddeley and hitch asked Ruby players to do what?
Recall as many football teams rhey’d faced so far that season wondering if the passage of time had any effect
Baddeley and Hitch’s Rugby study found
The more games players had had the harder it was to recall and not the passage of time
McGeoch and Mcdonald did what?
Asked participants to learn a list of words 100% accurately then expose them to 1 of 6 interference lists to learn, randomly; they were different types of words
Overton looked at?
State dependant forgetting, he got participants to either learn or recall information while drunk or sober. 4 conditions
Molenberg study overview
700 former students of an elementary school in Molenberg, a Dutch school.
. Questionnaire collected date about them, such as how many times they had moved house.
There was positive association between number of times moved and number of streets forgotten.
Interference theory is made up of
Retroactive: now interfering with then
Proactive: then interfering with now.
There’s also cue…
Dependent forgetting
Trace decay is
Natural fading of memories over time
Peterson and Peterson’s study supports which explanation for forgetting?
Trace decay
