Forgetting

Question 1

Which researchers showed that memory in the short term memory cannot be retrieved if rehearsal is prevented?

Answer 1

Peterson and Peterson

Question 2

How can forgetting in the short term memory be prevented?

Answer 2

Rehearsal

Question 3

What is the Brown-Peterson technique and what is it for?

Answer 3

To prove retrieval is more difficult when participants are counting back in 3s

Question 4

What is Miller’s theory?

Answer 4

There is a “magic number 7” which is 7 +/- 2 items in the short term memory, or as he referred to them, slots

Question 5

What was the main issue with Miller’s theory?

Answer 5

That it didn’t specify the quantity of information each slot can hold. If chunking practice is applied with this theory each slot could potentially hold quite a bit of information

Question 6

The earliest distinction of long term memeory was done by Tulving. What was it?

Answer 6

Procedural, semantic and episodic memory.

Question 7

What did Cohen and Squire make the distinction between?

Answer 7

Declarative and procedural knowledge

Question 8

Barrick, Barrick and Wittinger investigated long term memory. How did they?

Answer 8

Participants aged between 17-74 were asked to remember a list of names they themselves made of names of people they graduated with from their yearbooks they’d obtained
In trying to recall them later there were various conditions they were exposed to testing different recollection

Question 9

In Bahrick, Bahrick and Wittinger’s study what were the three retrieval tests?

Answer 9

. Name recognition
. Photo recognition
. A free recall test

Question 10

What were the results of Bahrick, Bahrick and Wittinger’s study?

Answer 10

Participants tested within 15 years of their graduation were around 90% accurate, after 48 years they were 80% for verbal and 70% for visual.

. Better photo recognition than free recall
. Therefore they concluded that memory retrieval uses meaningful stimuli but is potentially unlimited in duration

Question 11

What is declarative knowledge?

Answer 11

Knowledge that can be verbally explained

Question 12

Counting back in 3s to disrupt retrieval is called the…..

Answer 12

Brown-Peterson technique

Question 13

The theory of the magic number is by…..

Answer 13

Miller

Question 14

The diction between procedural, episodic and semantic long term memory was made by…..

Answer 14

Tulving

Question 15

Godden and Baddeley looked at…..

Answer 15

Deep sea divers, whether they ould recall a list of words whether on land or underwater if they’d learnt it in the other setting or if they’d recall better in the same setting

Question 16

Godwin et al got…..

Answer 16

48 male medical students to be randomly allocated to 4 conditions made up of of the state they were I when learning the information then the state they were in after.
. Sober, sober
. Sober, alcohol
. Alcohol, sober
. Alcohol Alcohol

Question 17

In Godden and Baddeley’ study, what were the results?

Answer 17

40% slower recall when out of the setting where they learnt the words

Question 18

What’s encoding specificity?

Answer 18

Where (according to Tulving), there’s a pattern of retrieval failure when the cues we used to encode the information when we learnt it are no longer there

Question 19

Context dependant forgetting is….

Answer 19

When you can’t retrieve something because you’re put of the context you learnt it in or external cues

Question 20

Recall versus recognition is reflected in Baddeley’s study, what was it?

Answer 20

A replication of Godden and Baddeley’s original diver study but used a recognition test instead of a recall test. There was no context dependant forgetting

Question 21

All of Tulving’s contributions are….

Answer 21

.The encoding specificity principle
.PET scan to discern where the semantic, episodic and procedural memeory was
. The types of long term memory

Question 22

Vaughan Khaden et al looked at

Answer 22

3 young patients who had suffered brain damage and had episodic amnesia.

Question 23

What did Vargha Khaden find?

Answer 23

The patients had still functioning LTM, if at a lower capacity. This showed semantic memories don’t need context

Question 24

Cohen and Squire did what?

Answer 24

Made the distinction between decorative and procedural memory

Question 25

Primacy and recency effect was proposed by…..

Answer 25

Ebbinghaus

Question 26

Mudock supported the primacy effect by……

Answer 26

Asking particpants to learn a series of 10-40 words that would flash up for 1-2 seconds

Question 27

Baddeley and hitch asked Ruby players to do what?

Answer 27

Recall as many football teams rhey’d faced so far that season wondering if the passage of time had any effect

Question 28

Baddeley and Hitch’s Rugby study found

Answer 28

The more games players had had the harder it was to recall and not the passage of time

Question 29

McGeoch and Mcdonald did what?

Answer 29

Asked participants to learn a list of words 100% accurately then expose them to 1 of 6 interference lists to learn, randomly; they were different types of words

Question 30

Overton looked at?

Answer 30

State dependant forgetting, he got participants to either learn or recall information while drunk or sober. 4 conditions

Question 31

Molenberg study overview

Answer 31

700 former students of an elementary school in Molenberg, a Dutch school.
. Questionnaire collected date about them, such as how many times they had moved house.
There was positive association between number of times moved and number of streets forgotten.

Question 32

Interference theory is made up of

Answer 32

Retroactive: now interfering with then
Proactive: then interfering with now.

Question 33

There’s also cue…

Answer 33

Dependent forgetting

Question 34

Trace decay is

Answer 34

Natural fading of memories over time

Question 35

Peterson and Peterson’s study supports which explanation for forgetting?

Answer 35

Trace decay