Other infections Flashcards
Toxoplasmosis prevention
Avoid changing cat litter if possible. If no one else can perform the task, wear disposable gloves and wash hands with soap and water after
Ensure that the cat litter box is changed daily. The toxoplasma parasite does not become infectious until 1-5 days after is is shed in a cat’s feces
Feed your can commercial dry or canned food, not raw or undercooked meats
Keep cats indoors
Avoid stray cats, especially kittens. Do not get a new cat while pregnant
Keep outdoor sandboxes covered
Wear gloves when gardening and during contact with soil or sand because it might be contaminated with cat feces that contain toxoplasma. Wash hands with soap and water after gardening or contact with soil or sand
More toxoplasmosis prevention
Cook food to safe temperatures
whole cuts of meat (excluding poultry) -145 degrees F (63C)
Ground meat (excluding poultry) - 160 degrees F (71C)
For all poultry (whole cuts and ground) - 165 degrees F
Freeze meat for several days at sub-zero (below 0 degrees F) before cooking
Peel or wash fruits and vegetables before eating
Wash cutting boards, dishes, counters, utensils, and hands after contact with raw meat, poultry, seafood, fruits and vegetables
Avoid drinking untreated water
Do not drink unpasteurized goat’s milk
Do no eat raw or uncooked oysters, mussels or clams
screening for Patient with mono-like symptoms
cytomegalovirus
Check CMV IgG and IgM titers
CBC
Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
Most common infection , 1/3, passed from pregnant people to babies during pregnancy
Greatest risk to the fetus occurs during 1st and 3rd trimesters for primary infections, significant risk reduction during reactivated cases
More than 1/2 adults in the US have been infected by age 40
Part of herpes virus family (chickenpox, HSV, and mono)
Typically asymptomatic
Signs and sx of cytomegalovirus
chills and/or sweats
decreased appetite
fatigue
fever
headache
muscle aches
sore throat
swollen glands
CMV can cause hepatitis and mono
what does IgG and IgM
IgM
IgM = immediate; new infection…new infection antibodies just now/immediately forming
But….IgM can be positive during RECURRNT episodes that’s when you’ll see positive IgG and positive IgM
Remember IgM can’t be differentiated into HSV type 1 or 2
IgG
IgG = gone; past infection….new infection antibodies formed and primary infection is gone (IgG antibodies persist for life, though)
IgG antibodies can take a variable amount of time to develop (from a few weeks to a few months). Some recommend waiting 12-16 weeks after initial infection for IgG to considered accurate
What does negative IgM and IgG means
Seronegative= no immunity or infection
what does positive IgM and negative IgG means
Acute (New/Primary) infection
What does positive IgM and positive IgG means
recent infection or reactivation
What does negative IgM and positive IgG means
past infection
Clinical presentation of cytomegalovirus
often asymptomatic
Signs mimic mononucleosis or the flu
Malaise
Arthropathy
Persistent fever
Myalgia
Cervical lymphadenopathy
Clinical presentation for Rubella
lymphadenopathy in postauricular, deep cervical and suboccipital lymph nodes that persists for 3 weeks
A rash follows lymphadenopathy that is a fine, maculopapular pink rash that begins on the face and spreads to the trunk and then the extremities
Other signs and symptoms: headache, conjunctivitis, nasal congestion, mild pyrexia and arthralgia.
Clinical presentation for varicella
Prodrome of fever, malaise, headache, and abdominal pain 1-2 days before a rash appears
The rash typically consists of three or more successive crops of lesions that develop.
Rash starts on face and trunk and then extremities.
Gold standard for diagnosing primary CMV infection
seroconversion or the presence of serum anti-CMV specific IgM antibodies combines with low avidity anti CMV IgG antibodies
