Other evidence Flashcards
Sae-Eyndr
Vg186
Västergötland
Sae Eyndr: “May God and God’s Mother help his soul, and the holy Christ in Heaven”
Monumental
93 free-standing, monumental, plain and un-ringed crosses have been found in Western Norway (c.950-1030)
Veøy
Early Christian burials at Veøy - two 10th cent. cemeteries dating from the 2nd half of the 900s. Håkon den gode.
Ágrip
Ágrip - Håkon built churches & installed priests but the people of Møre burnt them down
Sighvatr
Snorri reports that in 1019, Sighuatr’s (St. Olaf skald) diplomatic mission to the earl of skara in Västergötland failed because a sacrifice to the elves was being made
Kuli
Kuli Stone - N449 - “Tolf vetr hafði kristindómr vent i Nóregi…”
First
Kuli Stone
First known use of the word “christianity” in Norway - English Influence
verit
Kuli Stone
“verit” maybe should be read as ‘um rétt’ (supplied law and order)
Halon
Kuli Stone
Suggested by Nils Halon that the inscription refers to a national event such as Christianity being made law at the Moster thing 1022/24 by Olaf Haraldsson
Boardwalk
Kuli Stone
The stone has also been dated to 1034 by its association with a boardwalk (dendrochronology)
Christian Triumph
Arnorr Jarlaskáld expressed Magnus Olafsson’s defeat of the Wends in religious terms, framing it as a Christian triumph over ‘herðit folk’
Knútr
Galteland, Aust-Agder, N184
Ainsteinn raised the stone after his son who died in the retinue when Knútr attacked England “Einn er Guð”
Gulaþing
Gulaþing law (900-1250):
“we should not sacrifice to a pagan god or to mounds or to hörgr”
horg
(Linked to Gulaþing) Skaldic poem refers to Olav Trygvason as “horg-breaker”
Kenning
Óláfr inn Helgi is associated with 10 Skálds: a christian king consolidating power as an outsider. Kenning for St Óláfr: Einnarr Skúlason, Geisli: “fagran vin tyggja rǫðuls” (beautiful friend of the king of the sun)
Satan
Thorwald’s cross, Kirk Andreas, Orkney (10th cent) depicts Odinn with raven & spear being consumed by fenrir. Next to it is Christ triumphing over satan.
Bornholm
On the Danish island of Bornholm, memorial stones with runic inscriptions were introduced with the coming of christianity in the 1060s and continued until the end of the century.
Ox-head
Scene on an Upplandic rune-stone of Thor using an ox-head to catch the world-serpent = God using christ to bait leviathan
Glavendrup
Danish Glavendrup stone (c. 900) DR209, memorialises the preist of a sanctuary & invokes Þórr
Lean
Helgi the lean was said to worship Christ on land and Þórr at sea
Steinunn
Kristni Saga:
Steinunn, Mother of Skáld-Refr: “Before the bell’s keeper (bonds/ destroyed the beach’s falcon)/ the slayer of giantess-son/ broke the ox of segull’s place/ Christ was not watching, when / the wave-raven drank at the prows/ small guard I think God kept-if any- over Gylfir’s reindeers”
Stentoften
Stentoften stone & sparlösa stone as evidence that Swedish kings ‘gafj[ar]’
Gunnar
Oklunda inscription, Östergötland: “Gunnar fled under penalty; he sought this holy place (vi)” -> försa rune ring
Hrynhent
11th Century, hyrnhent was popularised. It was based on dróttkvaelt but influenced by Latin hymn metres - The new metre has 8-syllabic 4-stress lines, allowing Skalds to move away from syntactic complexity -> Lilja
