Hamburg Bremmen

Question 1

Bishop of Ramesloh

Answer 1

Gottskalk appointed to the see of Skara but refused to go

Question 2

Birka

Answer 2

Adalbert appointed a bishop for Birka after it ceased to be a trade centre in 975

Question 3

Sven Estridssen

Answer 3

Enraged when Adalbert demanded he leave his wife, threatened to destroy Hamburg-Bremen. In 1052/3 they were reconcile though Adalbert resisted Svein’s request for an Archbishopric, requesting that he be raised to the dignity of a primateship before he would consent.

Question 4

Harald Bluetooth

Answer 4

bishops came from HB, Sven Forkbeard replaced them with English bishops. Cnut the Great reconciles with HB to marry his daughter to the Emperor’s son.

Question 5

998-1050s

Answer 5

Hamburg-Bremen’s authority was not recognised in Denmark but they maintained a succession of non-resident bishops of Schleswig.

Question 6

Olaf Skotkonung

Answer 6

might have been baptised in Vastergotland by an English bishop named Sigfrid.

Question 7

1065

Answer 7

Adalbert attempted to call a synod of the northern bishops at Schleswig but there was no response.

Question 8

Rival bishops

Answer 8

Adalbert had bishops Asgaut and Bernhard arrested and punished for having been consecrated as bishops of Norway by the Pope.
Archbishop Unwan took bishop Gerbrand captive after his consecration by Archbishop AElnoth of Canterbury.

Question 9

1066

Answer 9

Slavic revolt resulted in the murder and sacrifice of two bishops associated with HB.
Steinkil died and all HB bishops in Sweden return home.
Adalbert banished from the German court.
Billunger dukes besiege the Archbishop in Bremen, he divides lands between them.
Adalbert lives the rest of his life ‘privatus, solitarius et quietus.’

Question 10

Early churches

Answer 10

built at the direction of landowners: 11th century rune stone at Oddernes, Norway: “Eyvind, St. Olaf’s godson, made this church on his family farm.”

Question 11

Royal churches

Answer 11

under direct supervision of a bishop, episcopal control over private churches was not extended until the 12th century.

Question 12

B. Sawyer

Answer 12

Sees of Odense, Roskilde and Lund all served well-defined regions, they may once have been politically independent units.

Question 13

Skre

Answer 13

argues that in Norway, churchmen were under the direct protection of the king and travelled as part of his entourage (10th/ 11th). Olaf Tryggvason was allegedly accompanied by a bishop and priests when he left for England in 995; Bishop Grimkell is associated with his successor, Olaf Haraldsson.

Question 14

Itinerant bishops

Answer 14

Adam of Bremen describes bishops ‘going about the region’

Question 15

1103/4

Answer 15

Lund is made archbishopric of Scandinavia. According to the Necrologium Lundense the first archbishop was Asser who may have masterminded the whole thing (he governed Denmark with the king’s son Harald Kesje in his absence).

Question 16

Keyser

Answer 16

The Norwegian church was “entirely the daughter of the English church”

Question 17

Church structure in Norway

Answer 17

laid out by the Gulaþing laws and based on the ecclesiae baptismales which existed in Anglo-Saxon England.

Question 18

church styles (Norway)

Answer 18

Western= Anglo-Norman. East= Germano-Danish

Question 19

Reorganisation of the Danish church

Answer 19

c.1059- influence from Bremen and Germany. Martyrology of Lund 1137-8 based on a Carolingian model. The most recent addition was Godehard of Hildesheim, canonised 1131, suggesting German influence.

Question 20

St. Willehad

Answer 20

Cult centred on the cathedral of Viborg and popular in Jylland. Willehad connected to Bremen, never evangelised in Denmark so cult introduced by the first bishop of Viborg, Herbert (Bremen)

Question 21

Abrams

Answer 21

argues that before the establishment of the cathedral priory at Odense (1095) there had been a bishop and church attached to the king’s palace.

Question 22

Attempt to establish a suffragan at Sigtuna

Answer 22

failed because there was already an English bishop Osmund there

Question 23

Gesta Bk.III

Answer 23

“The Archbishop sent (Harladr Harðraða) letters, rebuking him for his tyrannical presumption… in particular… about the bishops which he had unlawfully consecrated in Gaul or England, in contempt of the archbishop himself.”

Question 24

New diocesan structure under Cnut

Answer 24

c.1021. 4 bishoprics, one each in Jylland, Fyn, Sjælland and Skane. Bishops consecrated by the archbishop of Canterbury. Cnut recognised German authority for a short time around 1030 during negotiations with king Conrad II over the mark of Schleswig. Payment of Peter’s pence to Rome indicates independence.

Question 25

Sven Estridssen (and HB recognition)

Answer 25

Dynastic union between Denmark and England ended in 1042, cut off Danish access to an archiepiscopal see. Sven estridssen recognised HB and the number of Danish dioceses was augmented (1059).

Question 26

Knut and Rome

Answer 26

Knut visited Rome in 1027 following the consecration of a bishop of Roskilde in England in 1022.

Question 27

Papal letters

Answer 27

13 letters from Popes to Scandinavian rulers and bishops 1061-1100 bypass HB.

Question 28

Investiture controversy

Answer 28

1070, Sven Estridssen sided with the Pope rather than Adalbert or the Emperor.

Question 29

Sven Forkbeard

Answer 29

rebelled against King Harald, the 4 suffragan bishops obeying the archbishop of HB were forced to flee. A charter of Emperor Otto III of 988 guaranteed their material support while in exile.

Question 30

Islendingabok

Answer 30

4 Icelandic bishops travelled to Lund to be appointed in Asser’s time. Asser was probably involved in raising Stavanger as Norway’s fourth bishopric and reorganising the Swedish church to have seven fixed dioceses.

Question 31

Hungarian campaign

Answer 31

1063. Relations with the Billunger dukes deteriorated. The young king failed to compensate count Hermann for his role, and the count raided Bremen.

Question 32

Conflict with Billunger dukes

Answer 32

Adalbert came into conflict with the Billunger dukes when attempting to free Bremen in the style of Wurtzburg.

Question 33

Adam of Bremen describes Adalbert

Answer 33

“so affable, so generous, so hospitable, so desirous of divine and at the same time of human glory.”

Question 34

Adalbert’s guests

Answer 34

entertained Alchemists and Astronomers and informed the Byzantine Emperor he was descended from Greek princes.

Question 35

1063

Answer 35

Adalbert was made ‘patronus’ of the kingdom and Anno was made ‘magister regis’

Question 36

Anno pushed out

Answer 36

Papal conflict in Italy called Anno away and Adalbert cultivated a close bond with Henry IV during the Hungarian campaign.

Question 37

Otto I

Answer 37

Adam of Bremen describes a military victory over Denmark by Otto I (it was actually Otto II)