General stuff

Question 1

Archbishop Osmund

Answer 1

Possibly Osmund of Ely who was sent to Bremen by Sigefrid of Norway and then went to Sweden. This Osmund returned to England in the 1060s. Adam of Bremen mentioned two Osmunds, one ‘acephalum’, the other an Englishman and a nephew of Sigfrid.

Question 2

Exiled archbishops

Answer 2

Eysteinn exiled himself to Bury St. Edmunds before returning to Trondheim and adding to the church there in English style.

Question 3

Jelling stone

Answer 3

Winchester-style art

Question 4

Svein Forkbeard’s stone masons

Answer 4

English stone masons built churches in Roskilde

Question 5

Saints under Cnut

Answer 5

Cult of St. Botolf (East Anglia) becomes popular in Denmark.

Question 6

1100 cathedral chapter

Answer 6

Founded at Odense in the form of a Benedictine house staffed by monks from Evesham.

Question 7

Cult of St. Cnut

Answer 7

Maintained by monks from Evesham (Odense). Ailnoth writes the vita and passio of St.Cnut

Question 8

Olaf Tryggvason’s foster-father

Answer 8

AEthelred II

Question 9

Olaf Haraldsson’s bishops

Answer 9

Grimkell, Bernhard, and Rodolf were English (Rodolf Norman)

Question 10

Kuli stone

Answer 10

English loan-word ‘kristintumr’ tentative dating c.1034 based on associated causeway

Question 11

Wulfstan rune stone

Answer 11

inscription with the Wulfstanian phrase ‘kous þaka’ (Godes þances). This is ungrammatical Old Norse, instead a direct transliteration of the Old English.

Question 12

Cistercian abbots

Answer 12

Lysekloster and Hovedoya were daughter foundations of Fountains Abbey and Kirkstead Abbey (Yorkshire) in the 1140s- brought own craftsmen

Question 13

Ari and English books

Answer 13

Ari uses the matyrdom of St.Edmund to date the settlement of Iceland and references Edmund’s saga. Ari never left Iceland so English books were travelling to him.

Question 14

Ailnoth

Answer 14

Ailnoth left England after the Norman Conquest and wrote about St.Cnut from Odense.

Question 15

Michael Gelting

Answer 15

Argues that Poppo persuaded Harald Bluetooth that Christianity had lots to offer a king seeking to centralise power.

Question 16

Cnut the Great and HB

Answer 16

Acknowledges the authority of Hamburg-Bremen as one of the conditions of the marriage of his daughter to the son of Conrad II.

Question 17

Adam and Uppsala

Answer 17

Adam describes a great heathen temple at Uppsala, possibly inspired by house-shapes Celtic reliquary shrines. Post holes from Gudme indicate that some parts of buildings could have been gilded. A rune stone dating to the second half of the eleventh century used to stand among the mounds at the Royal manor at Gamla Uppsala. Probably Christian like the rest of the Uppland stones.

Question 18

English manuscripts

Answer 18

20 fragments and 4 complete or near-complete mss written in English script, or a close imitation, have come to light in Scandinavian libraries. Abrams: “it is noteworthy that they point to no known scriptoria in England”

Question 19

Vita ch.10

Answer 19

Anskar was travelling to Sweden on his first mission when they were attacked by pirates. ‘the merchants with whom they were travelling defended themselves vigorously.”

Question 20

Turholt

Answer 20

described by Rimbert as a necessary grant to Anskar on the grounds that his bishopric was based in a dangerous and unstable region.

Question 21

Drogereit

Answer 21

archaeological evidence shows no break in habitation of Bremen during the 9th century raising questions about the veracity of Rimbert’s account of an attack on Hamburg.

Question 22

Njals saga

Answer 22

Hall wants the angel Michael as a friend. Thangbrand promises that he will become so if Hall is baptised. Syncretism: Saints adopt roles of pagan gods. Written 1280.

Question 23

Gulaþing law

Answer 23

If a man has buried a body in a mound or a heap of stones, he shall disinter it and pay three oras to the bishop

Question 24

Egils saga

Answer 24

Aethelstan asked Thorolf and Egil to accept ‘preliminary baptism as was the custom in those days both for merchants and mercenaries serving Christian rulers.’

Question 25

Hofstaðir

Answer 25

11 craniums were found next to the walls in the great hall building. They were probably hanging on the walls originally. Most were cattle

Question 26

Gautbert

Answer 26

While Anskar was in Germany after 831, Gautbert was sent to Sweden. There was an uprising and he was forced out, his monk Nithard was murdered.

Question 27

Thangbrand

Answer 27

Sent to Iceland by Olaf Tryggvason 997. Killed 3 men and was outlawed- then Olafr threatens to kill all the Icelanders in Norway.

Question 28

Anskar in Sweden

Answer 28

848-50, trying to prevent a pagan reaction.

Question 29

845

Answer 29

Danes raid Hamburg