Other cancers Flashcards
Signs of melanoma
Change in size, shape or colour of moles. Crusting, bleeding Asymmetry, irregular border, colour variation, diameter >6mm
Treatment + grading used for melanoma
Breslow’s grading
Surgical excision Chemo - interferon alpha, Melphalan Immunotherapy Biological therapy
Types of head and neck cancer
Squamous carcinoma (larynx, pharynx, nasopharynx, oral cavity) Thyroid Salivary gland
RF for head and neck cancer
Betel quid Salty fish, EBV HPV positivity
Red flag S+S of head and neck cancer
Hoarseness Dysphagia Odynophagia Unilateral Otalgia Enlarging neck lump Sore throat Stridor
Management for head and neck cancer
Early = radiotherapy or laser excision Late = radiotherapy + chemotherapy/ surgery
Nasopharyngeal cancer features
Normally SCC Epistaxis, epiohoria, anosmia, parasthesia in cheek
Oral cavity cancer features
SCC Related to smoking/ chewing tobacco Need extensive surgery due to lymphatic drainage
Characteristics of salivary gland tumours
80% in parotid, 80% benign Slowly enlarging painless mass Red flags: facial nerve weakness, ulceration of skin, intermittent pain, previous skin cancer or radiation
Types of high grade brain tumour
Gliomas (astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas + ependymomas) Glioblastoma multiforme Primary cerebral lymphomas Medulloblastomas
Types of low grade brain tumours
Meningiomas, acoustic neuromas, neurofibromas, pituitary tumours, pineal tumours, craniopharyngiomas
RF for brain tumours
Ionising radiation Immunosuppression Inherited syndrome (neurofibromatosis, tuberous sclerosis)
Red flag symptoms of brain tumours
Severe, persistent early morning headaches Seizures Persistent N+V Diplopia Neuro defects of limbs Personality changes Papilloedema
Management of brain tumours
Surgery first line RT = external beam, gamma knife treatment Chemo that can cross BBB
Bladder cancer staging + main type
Usually TCC Ta = confined to epithelium T1 = Tumour in lamina propria T2 = Superficial muscle involved T3 = Deep muscle involved T4 = Invasion beyond bladder
RF for bladder cancer
Males Age Smoking Aromatic amines - dyes, paint, metal, leather, textiles Chronic cystitis Schistosomiasis
Red flags for bladder cancer
Painless haematuria Recurrent UTIs Voiding irritability
Investigations for bladder cancer
Cytoscopy with biopsy + USS
CT urogram
Management of bladder cancer
Diathermy via transurethral cytoscopy/ transurethral resection of bladder Chemo Late stage: radical cystectomy, adjuvant chemo
Pathology + types of renal cancer
Arises from proximal renal tubular epithelium Wilms, clear cell carcinoma (most common), papillary, chromophobe, collecting duct
RF for renal cancer
Smoking, obesity, HTN Males Dialysis, tuberous sclerosis, renal transplant recipients, cystic disease
Red flags for renal cancer
Haematuria, loin pain, abdo mass, anorexia, weight loss, pyrexia of unknown origin Paraneoplastic symptoms (neuromyopathy, anaemia, polycythaemia)
Management of renal cancer
Radical nephrectomy Biological therapies
What is the mayo prognostic risk score?
SSIGN Predicts survival for renal cancer
