Other Biochem Stuff He Just Told Us

Question 1

Collagen Structure

Answer 1

Triple strand helical structure

Question 2

Collagen AA Sequence

Answer 2

Repeating AA sequences with a lot of Gly, Pro, Hyp, and Hyl

Question 3

Hydroxylation of Pro and Lys 4 Requirements

Answer 3

O2, alpha-ketoglutarate, Fe, and VITAMIN C

Question 4

VITAMIN C DEFICIENCY

Answer 4

WEAK COLLAGEN FROM LOW HYDROXYLATION LEVELS

Question 5

Crosslinking in Collagen

Answer 5

From lysine residues

Question 6

3 Diseases Associated w/ Collagen

Answer 6

Scurvy, Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome, Osteogenesis Imperfecta

Question 7

Desmine Cross-link

Answer 7

For elastin NOT collagen

Question 8

Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) Notable Sugar Unit

Answer 8

N-acylated amino sugar

Question 9

Slippery Nature of GAGs

Answer 9

“Resilience” from high number of sulfate negative charges

Question 10

Mucopolysaccharidoses (def & 4 diseases)

Answer 10

Enzyme deficiency in GAG degradation

Hurler, Hunter, Sanfilippo, and Sly syndromes

Question 11

2 Things that Lower Hb Affinity for O2

Answer 11

Lower pH

2,3-Biphosphoglycerate shifts to T conformation

Question 12

Mech of Sickle Cell Anemia

Answer 12

Valines on Beta subunits bind, polymerizing into long rope-like fibers which get stuck in capillaries, block bloodflow, and cause severe painheadaches

Question 13

Alpha Amylase

Answer 13

Breaks down large starches

Question 14

Lactose Intolerance

Answer 14

Lactase deficiency causing diarrhea, bloating, and dehydration

Question 15

Cholecystokinin

Answer 15

Stimulates release of bile from gall bladder and lipases from pancrease that emulsify/digest lipids for uptake and processing into chylomicrons

Question 16

Lipid Digestion

Answer 16

Hydrolyze acyl groups from FA sources like cholesterol, etc, to get FAs, transfer into cell, reassemble in cell, and send to chylomicrons to bypass liver via lymph

Question 17

Glycolysis Yield

Answer 17

1 Glucose yields 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, and 2 ATP

Question 18

Gluconeogenesis

Answer 18

(Mostly) reverse of glycolysis to produce glucose bc brain desperately needs it during starvation

Question 19

Ketogenesis

Answer 19

True last resort to provide energy to brain by catabolizing everything to make acetoacetate and 3-hydroxybutane, ketones that decrease pH in blood and can be used as food by brain

Question 20

2 Nutrient Deliveries to Muscle

Answer 20

AAs and glucose

Question 21

2 Nutrient Deliveries to Adipocytes

Answer 21

Chylomicrons from SI and VLDL from liver

Question 22

Difference is Two Kinds of Body Fat

Answer 22

Subcutaneous not that bad, visceral fat inside cavities way worse

Question 23

Type I Diabetes Insulin Therapy Progression (3)

Answer 23

Standard insulin therapy when young to avoid hypoglycemic brain damage, then intensive insulin therapy through most of life to avoid damage from high blood glucose, then back to standard insulin for old age to avoid stroke/heart attacks

Question 24

Ketone Bodies and Diabetes

Answer 24

Type I has huge reliance on them, Type II may not

Question 25

3 Type II Diabetes Medication Activities

Answer 25

Reactivate Beta cell activity
Inhibit gluconeogenesis
Increase glucose absorption

Question 26

2 Insulin-Insensitive Organs

Answer 26

Brain and liver

Question 27

Neuroglycopenia Blood Glucose Level

Answer 27

From hypoglycemia, usually start around 50 mg/dL

Question 28

2 Most Common Causes of Hypoglycemia

Answer 28

Insulin-induced and Fasting-alcohol induced