Other anatomy Flashcards
Functions of skin
Thermoregulation Protection Vitamin D synthesis Sensory information
Main Components of: The epidermis The dermis Superficial fascia
Epidermis: Keratinocytes Dermis: connective tissue (collagen, elastic fibres, fibroblasts, macrophages, adipocytes) Superficial Fascia: Collagen, elastic fibre, fat
Function of superficial fascia
Storage (water, fat) Protection insulation conduction of nerves
Functions of deep fascia
Attachement for muscle Conduction of nerves and vessels (neurovascular bundle) Movement of muscle Capsule around organs and glands
3 serous membranes in the body
Pleura (lungs) Pericardium (heart) Peritoneum (viscera)
What are tendons made up of
Dense collagenous fibres
9 quadrants of the abdomen
Layers of skin in abdomen (through the middle)
Skin (hypodermis, dermis) camper’s fascia, scarpa’s fascia, parietal peritoneum, extraperitoneal fat, linea alba, transversalis fascia, parietal peritoneum.
Name of the 2 superficial veins of the abdomen
thoraco-epigastric vein and superficial epigastric vein.
Layers of anterior abdominal wall muscles. Name of middle line of rectus abdominis and membrane surrounding it and contents within it.
External oblique, rectus abdominis, internal obliques, transverus abdominis.
Linea alba and rectus sheath.
Nerve supply of the abdominal muscles
Blood supply of the abdominal wall
Formation of the trachea and brochus (with eosophagus)
What is oesophageal atresia and fistulae
Artresia: the two ends of the oesophagus don’t join.
Fistula: the oesophagus and trachea don’t separate
Steps of the rotation of the midgut and name of the connection between umbilical and abdomen
- looping of the midgut into the umbilicus. Top part will become the small intestine while the inferior part will become ascending and transverse colon.
- Rotation of the tube counter clockwise (90)
- proximal loop becomes convoluted, bulge appears for cecum
- proximal loop turns counter clockwise another 180.
- everything returns to the body
Vitteline duct connects the midgut to the umbilicus when it protrudes.
Meckel’s diverticulum (gut developement)
The vitteline duct fails to separate from the midgut when it retracts into the abdomen.
Hindgut what it gives rise to
Distal 1/3 transverse colon
Descending colon
sigmoid colon rectum
superior anal canal.
Developement of the hindgut
Mostly occurs in the cloaca. Separation of the urinal and rectal systems by the urorectal septum. These are separated, and cloacal membrane forms between cloaca and proctodeum. Urinary and rectal completely separate, forming the rectum, anal canal.
Separation of the cloacal membrane. What this connects and name of the line that separates them.
Connects the hindgut with the proctodeum, the line between them is the pectinate line. Proctodeum gives rise to lower 1/2 of the anal canal and the skin around it.
Contents of the foregut
Pharynx, oesophagus, lower repiratory tract, stomach, duodenum, liver and pancreas, billiary apparatus.
Describe how the rotation of the mesogastrium causes the formation of the lesser and greater sacs.
State which organs are part of the mesogastrium and ligaments between them
Mesogastrium rotates, creating the greater and lesser sacs
Describe the greater and lesser sacs and greater and lesser sacs and the hole through which you can acess the lesser sac.
Epiploic foramen
Greater omentum is a double fold of the peritoneum connecting from the stomach
Name of cells that make up the cartilage
Chondroblasts, that become chondrocytes when the matrix they produce (containing collagen, water…) surrounds and isolates them.
Describe interosseus ossification and which bones are made this way.
Bones made this way include: flat bones of face, most cranial bones, clavicles.
These bones are made by the specializing of cells from mesenchymal connective tissue into osteoblasts, then osteocytes. Osetoblasts produce osteoids, which calcify creating bone. On the inside, trabecular bone is formed while compact bone lines the surface.
Describe endochondrial ossification and which bones are created this way.
Bones made by this are: long bones, base of skull.
Endochondrial ossification: works by replacing the hyaline cartilage that serves as a template with chondrocytes. Osteoblasts enter as capillaries penetrate this site.
How arteries supply compact bone
osteons osteocytes are arranged around a central cannal containing blood vessels which supply them. Perforating canals (perpendicular) allow to deliver blood deeper into the bone.
Different types of joints (3)
Fibrous Joint
- Sutures (squamous, serrated, denticulate like cranium)
- Syndesmoses (interosseus membrane like radioulnar)
- Gomphoses (periodontal ligament, tooth)
Cartilagenous
- Synchdonrosis (between bones of endochondral origin. E.g. humerus and head of humerus)
- Symphyses (opposing surface of cartilage, fibrous tissue connecting them. e.g. pubic symphysis)
Synovial
- Ends have hyaline cartilage, joint cavity, joint capsule, synovial fluid, disc and bursae
Layers of the CNS
Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Subarachnoid space
Pia mater
Pathway of sensory and motor neurons exiting the spinal chord
Distribution of autonomic and somatic nervous system
Muscles of the trunk. Labeled marked X
3 muscles of erector spinae
Muscles of Transverso Spinalis
Significance of the thoracolumbar fascia
Stabilizes the pelvis.
Muscles in contact with it tense the fascia
Muscles encased within it have pushing effect on the fascia.
3 layers of intercostal muscles, name of pleuras (which one produces fluid).
External, internal and innermost intercostal muscles.
Parietal pleura secretes fluid between itself and visceral pleura.
3 parts of the sternum
Which ribs attach to the sternum
manubrium sternum
body of sternum
xiphoid process
Attachement and classifications of the 12 ribs
1-7: attach to the sternum (true ribs). Synovial except 1st rib which is primary cartilagenous.
8-10 : attach to to cartilage of previous rib (synovial)
11 & 12: free floating
Atypical ribs
Movement of true and false ribs in expiration
True: outwards and upwards
False: sideways
Arterial supply to the chest wall (anterior and posterior)
Anterior: internal thoracic artery which comes off the subclavian vein
Posterior: posterior intercosta arteries which come off the thoracic aorta.
Where mamary lymph nodes drain
Parasternal and axillary nodes
Location of neurovasculature of the intercostal space
Between the 2nd and 3rd layer
Nerve supply to the chest wall
Intercostal nerve (ventral ramus) is sensory.
Gives off lateral cutaneous branch, anterior cutaneous branch and collateral branch
Presence of peritoneum in upper third, middle third and lower third of rectum
Label following diagram
