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FBS1 > Other > Flashcards

Other Flashcards

1
Q

Most common medical imaging file format

A

DICOM

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2
Q

Imaging resolution

A

Number of pixels across each axix

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3
Q

intensity/ grey scale

A

Number for a pixel (identity)

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4
Q

Intensity/ grey scale resolution

A

range of possible intensity values

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5
Q

Spacial resolution

A

measure of smallest discernable detail in an image

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6
Q

Aspect ratio

A

ration of its width to its height

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7
Q

Dynamic range

A

range of intensity values to display the image

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8
Q

Difference between low intensity and low spatial resolution

A

Low intensity: not able to discen objects that look similar Spatial resolution: not able to see small object/ structures

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9
Q

Visualisation in slice vs volume mode

A

slice: slices of a 3d image Volume: 3D visualisation progamme.

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10
Q

How x ray works

A

electrons fired at a target, x rays are reflected back and they have different penetrances in the body.

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11
Q

From black to white state order of following tissues water, fat, air, bone, metal, soft tissue

A

air, fat, soft tissue, water, bone, metal

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12
Q

What is a CT scan

A

x rays at many different angles, giving depth to the image

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13
Q

Difference between alpha and beta decay

A

Alpha decay: alpha particle (H2+) ejected Beta decay: positron (beta plus) or electron (beta minus) is released

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14
Q

Gamma emission

A

particles decay and give off gamma rays

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15
Q

Most penetrating ionising radiation: beta, gamma or alpha

A

Gamma, then beta then alpha

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16
Q

PET scans

A

Emits gamma rays, creating 3D image

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17
Q

MRIs

A

Emits magnetic waves which detect hydrogen concentration. Very good for soft tissue differentiation

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18
Q

US (ultrasound imaging)

A

emits ultrasound pulse and see what is reflected

19
Q

Match body compartment with amount of fluid in l it has Interstitial space, plasma space, Intra cellular space 3.5, 28, 10.5

A

Intracellular : 28 Interstitial : 10.5 Plasma: 3.5

20
Q

Plasma and intracellular concentrations of: NA, K, Ca

A
21
Q

Crystalloid vs oncotic pressure

A

Crystalloid: pressure excerted by small diffusible particles (usually equal on both sides of membrane)

Oncotic: pressure created by non diffusible larger particles like proteins (usually slightly higher on one side of membrane)

22
Q

Normal RBC and WBC Count

A

Red blood cell: 5*10ˆ12

White blood cells: 4-11 *10ˆ9

23
Q

Series vs parallel

A

check

24
Q

Darcy’s law

A

Flow proportional to pressure difference (P1 -P2 ) and inversely proportional to the resistance to flow

25
Q

Poisseuille’s law

A

resistance to flow is 4 times to the power of the radius of the tube

26
Q

Axial streaming in blood vessels

A

Particles in blood tend to move to area with fastest moving fluid - the center. Reduces viscocity

27
Q

Normal blood pH and living range pH

A

Normal blood: 7.35-7.45

Living range: 7.0 - 7.8

28
Q

What is pH, and what is the equation of pH

A

pH: concentration of free hydrogen ions

pH = -log [H+]

29
Q

What is pKa, what a high or low pKa means

A

pKa: the log of the pH at which an acid is half dissociated.

The lower the pKa, the stronger the acid is.

30
Q

The pH at which a certain buffer will work best is…

A

at the pKa of the acid in the buffer

31
Q

Which amino acid is a buffer in the body? Why?

A

Histidine: it’s pKa is around physiological pH

It is part of haemoglobin and it’s pKa changes depending on oxygenation:

Oxyhaemoglobin: pKa of 6.8

Deoxyhaemoglobin: pKa of 7.8

32
Q

What is the concept of cooperativity thinking about haemoglobin

A

Haemoglobin displays cooperativity because it’s affinity for it’s ligand changes with the amount of ligand already bound (oxygen)

Will bind oxygen better if it already has oxygen bound to it

33
Q

What action does BPG have on O2 binding?

What is the difference in it’s effect in fetal and adult haemoglobin?

A

BPG lowers Hb’s affinity for oxygen by binding to the center of the tetramere in it’s t-state and stabilising the structure. It is produced by all metabolic tissues.

BPG is less effective in fetal haemoglobin, which means that fetal haemoglobin will have a higher affinity for O2 compared to HbA.

34
Q

Location of the heme group within the globin molecule (and the letter name of alpha helices it is bound to).

Role of E7 his residue

A

Bound between E and F helices.

E7 histidine group stabalizes the bond of O2 with Fe and destabilizes the bond of CO2 with Fe.

35
Q

Difference between tense and relaxed conformations of haemoglobin

A

Tense occurs at tissues in presence of low pH and other, causes low affinity for oxygen

Relaxed occurs at lungs where higher pH, low BPG, causes higher affinity for oxygen.

36
Q

Classify the following types of protein as being targeted by a) signal peptide or b) other peptide signal

Secretes protein

Membrane Protein

Mitochondrial proteins

Lysosomal proteins

Perixosomal Proteins

Nuclear Proteins

A
37
Q

Describe the pathway of protein synthesis and its binding to the membrane using Signal Recognition Particle

A

Translation begins, and signal sequence is the first to be synthesised. It binds to a SRP, which itself binds to a SRP receptor on the ER. This binds the ribosome to the ER, and the rest of the protein synthesised gets guided through a translocon into the ER membrane. Signal Peptidase cleaves this signal sequence, and SRP is recycles

38
Q

Fate of membrane proteins

A

Membrane proteins remain in the ER membrane. The translocon goes away when stop sequence is reached , leaving the matured protein.

39
Q

Protein processing in the golgi and 4 different pathways they follow after that

A

Proteins enter cis-golgi where they more through its cisterna via vescicles and get packaged and sorted. They become:

Membrane proteins

Stimulated secretory pathway (insulin)

Continuous secretory pathwy (matrix proteins)

Lysosomes

40
Q

Pathway for mitochondrial proteins

A

Get translated and released in an unfolded form into the cytoplasm (still has signal sequence). They bind to chaperones which brings them to specific receptors on the mitochondria. They translocate through the membranes and are cleaved of their signal sequence and fold once iside.

41
Q

Pathway for nuclear proteins

A

Nuclear proteins have a specific signal called a nuclear localisation signal (PKKKRKV). They are not folded either before entering nucleus. The NLS binds to an importin protein which transports it through nuclear pores. The complex then dissociates and protein folds.

42
Q

Pathway of lysosomal proteins

A

Lysosomal proteins are tagged with mannose-6-phosphate in the golgi. This directs the protein within the golgi to transport vescicles.

In inclusion-cell disease, the proteins are not tagged and get secreted instead.

43
Q
A

FBS1 (7 decks)

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