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FBS1 > Anatomy Basics > Flashcards

Anatomy Basics Flashcards

1
Q

Types of junctions

A

Adherence, desmosomes, hemidesmosomes, tight junctions and gal junctions

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2
Q

Difference between desmosomes and hemidesmosomes

A

Hemidesmosomes attack cell to basement membrane while desmosomes attach 1 epithelia to another

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3
Q

Components of extra cellular matrix

A

Collagen, elastin, adhesive proteins Glycosaminoglycans (forms large hydrated gel)

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4
Q

Layers of the skin

A

Epidermis, dermis, superficial fascia, deep fascia, serous membrane

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5
Q

2 types of tissue in bone and basic structure

A

Compact bone: external surface of bones, osteon form the structural unit. Can usually only resist force coming from one direction. Trabecular bone: deep bone, lighter structure with holes but much stronger and can resist force coming from many directions

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6
Q

Isotonic and isometric muscle contraction

A

Isotonic: muscle changes length during contraction Isometric: muscle doesn’t change length during contraction (e.g. postural muscle)

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7
Q

Motor unit

A

Sum of all motor end plates innervated by a motor neuron

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8
Q

Role of astrocytes

A

Maintenance of BBB, structure, growth, scar tissue

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9
Q

Oligodendrocytes role

A

Myelination

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10
Q

Microglia role

A

Immune help

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11
Q

Ependymal cells

A

Line chambers and passage of CSF and produce it

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12
Q

Vertebral levels of sympathetic nervous system

A

T1-L2

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13
Q

Sympathetic pathway from spinal chord to effector organ

A

Spinal chord, then they synapse in ganglion in paravertebral trunk. Lost ganglionic neuron to effector 2 types don’t pass by paravertebral trunk: some go to collateral ganglia (unpaired) then to visceral effectors and adrenal medulla has a direct sympathetic fiber with no synapse. It releases neurotransmitters in the blood

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14
Q

Parasympathetic from spinal chord to effector organ and vertebral level

A

Vertebral level: cranial nerve (vagus, 9th, 7th, 3rd), S2 to S4 Spinal chord: synapse at ganglion close to effector organ: effector organ

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15
Q

Paracrine vs autocrine release of hormones

A

• Paracrine - Hormones released locally (act on nearby cells) • Autocrine - hormones released locally (act on itself)

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16
Q

3 types of hormones and what they are

A
  1. Proteins/ peptides ◦ Can be small peptides (e.g. ADH) ◦ Can be polypeptides (e.g. insulin) ◦ Can be glycoproteins - polypeptides bound to a carbohydrate (e.g. LH). ◦ First synthesised as preprohormones, then proteolytic enzymes cleave them to form prohormones ◦ Water soluble, so have short half lives. ◦ Made in hypothalamus, pituitiary, parathyroid, GI tract and pancreas. 2. Steroids ◦ Structure is 3 6-carbon rings, 1 5-carbon ring. Derived from cholesterol ◦ Fat soluble, transported by proteins like albumin. ◦ Made in mitochondria/ SER. ◦ not stored so release is dependent on synthesis. ◦ produced in adrenal gland and sex organs. (sex hormones and adrenal cortex hormones) 3. Amines ◦ A type of hormone that comes from tyrosine, can be made into 2 main types: ◦ thyroid hormone ‣ lipid soluble, long half life, produced and stored in thyroid gland. ◦ catecholamines ‣ Water soluble so can’t cross membrane, short half life, stored intracellularly in granules (e.g. adrenaline)
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17
Q

How steroid hormones bind to receptors and action

A
  1. Hormone enters cell 2. Binds to cytoplasmic or nuclear receptor 3. Hormone-receptor complex moves to nucleus 4. Dimerization: 2 hormone-receptor complexes bind to HRE (hormone response element) of DNA, causing transcription.
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18
Q

How water-soluble hormones bind to receptors and action mechanism

A
  1. Binds to one of 3 receptors: A. Monomeric: single unit crosses membrane B. Multimeric: 2 or more crosses membrane (e.g. insulin receptor) C. 7 membrane spanning domain: beta adrenergic for e.g. 2. Binding of hormone causes change in receptor conformation 3. Causes change intracellularly: signaling cascade.
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19
Q

How hormones are released in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

A

Hormones are produced in hypothalamus and are released to the anterior pituitary by the pituitary portal system.

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20
Q

Role of hormones in anterior lobe of pituitary

A

Hormones produced by this lobe are responsible for regulating endocrine glands downstream in the body (e.g. thyroid). Only 1, prolactin, is not responsible for regulating a downstream hormone.

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21
Q

How hormones are released in the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland (including nuclei).

A

Hormones are sent from the supraoptic and paraventricular nucleus, travel through the axon and are sent to the bloodstream.

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22
Q

2 mechanisms of control of hormone secretion of pituitary gland.

A

Hypothalamic hypophysiotrophic hormone secretion Negative feedback from dowstream hormones.

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23
Q

Mesentery

A

A double fold of the peritoneum which connects the intestines to the abdominal wall.

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24
Q

Difference between Intra peritoneal and retro peritoneal

A

Intra: completely surrounded by peritoneum Retro: covered partly by the peritoneum

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25
Q

Omentum

A

A fold in the peritoneum

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26
Q

Attachment of the lesser omentum

A

Lesser curvature of the stomach and the liver

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27
Q

Attachment of the greater omentum

A

Greater curvature of the stomach and transverse colon

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28
Q

Intraperitoneal organs

A

Stomach, half of proximal duodenum, jejunum, ilium, caecum, appendix, transverse colon, sigmoid colon rectum, liver, spleen, pancreas

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29
Q

Retroperitoneal organs

A

Lower half of duodenum, ascending colon, descending colon, rectum (middle third), pancreas tail, kidneys, adrenal gland, IVC

30
Q

Define ascites and possible causes

A

Abnormal fluid buildup in abdomen. Liver scarring

31
Q

3 layers of mucosa (innermost layer of gut wall)

A

Epithelium

Lamina Propria

Muscularis Mucosa

32
Q

Components inside submucosa (middle layer of gut wall)

A

Connective tissue loose, neurovasculature, glands

33
Q

Layers of Muscularis Externa (3 outermost of gut wall)

A

Outer longitudinal, inner circular

34
Q

Outermost layer of the gut wall

A

Adventitia or serosa (connective tissue/ peritoneum containing neurovasculature)

35
Q

Where the superior mesenteric vein/ artery pass in relation to the stomach

A

Under the pylorus of the stomach, above pancreas and duodenum.

36
Q

Parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation of stomach

A

Parasympathetic: vagus nerve (anterior supply from left vagus, posterior vagal trunk from right vagus)

Sympathetic: T6-T9

37
Q

Location of spleen (rib and left/ right)

A

9th to 11th left ribs

38
Q

Ligament between two lobes of the liver

A

Falciform ligament

39
Q

3 veins that drain into the hepatic portal vein

A

Inferior mesenteric (hindgut)

Superior mesenteric (midgut)

Splenic (forgut)

40
Q

Entry of bile into duodenum

A

Sphincter of oddi/ greater duodenal papilla.

41
Q

4 parts of the pancreas

A

Tail, body, neck, head

42
Q

End of midgut/ start of hindgut

A

2/3 of the way along transverse colon

43
Q

End of foregut

A

Duodenal papilla

44
Q

Name of folds in the intestines

A

Plicae circularis

45
Q

Connections of suspension ligament

A

Between the duodenojujunal flexure and the diaphragm/Celiac artery

46
Q

Difference between jejunum and ileum

A

Ileum has no plicae circularis, has more fat and has Peyer’s patches on its walls. Also more plexuses and shorter vasa recta

47
Q

Pathway of bile from mesentery of small intestines to thoracic duct

A

Mesentery nodes to preaortic nodes to cisterns Chyli (paraaortic) and then thoracic duct

48
Q

ADD PUCTURE OF LAREB INTESTINE AND LABEL TENIAE COLI, HAUSTRA, EPIPLOIC APPENDAGES

49
Q

Region of pain of the appendix

A

McBurney’s Point

2/3 down between umbilical chord and asis.

50
Q

Pathway of food from stomach

A

Duodenum to jejunum to ileum to caecum to ascending colon to transverse colon to descending colon to sigmoid colon to rectum to anal canal

51
Q

Sympathetic Innervation to foregut, midgut and hindgut

A

Midgut: greater splanchic nerve (t5 to T9)

hindgut: lesser splanchic nerve (T10 to T11) and partly least splanchic nerve T12):

52
Q

Parasympathetic innervation intestines

A

Vagus nerve

53
Q

Branches of the abdominal aorta

54
Q

What superior mesenteric artery supplies and inferior mesenteric artery

A

Superior: ascending colon, caecum, transverse colon, illeum and jejunum

inferior: descending colon, sigmoid colon, part of rectum

55
Q

Branches of superior mesenteric artery

56
Q

Branches of inf mesenteric artery

57
Q

Branches of the celiac trunk

58
Q

Inguinal canal boundaries and contents

A

Contents in males: spermatic cord, 3 arteries (testicular), 3 nerves (genitofemoral, ilioinguinal), 3 fascias

Females: round ligament of the uterus, genital branch of genitofemoral nerve, ilioinguinal nerve

59
Q

Ureter passes over or under these structures on it’s way to the baldder

External illiacs

Obliterated umbilical artery

Vas deferens

A

External illiacs -> over

Umbilical artery -> over

Vas deferens -> under

60
Q

2 types of erectile tissue in men and women

A

Men and female: corpus cavernosa

Men: corpus spongiosum

Female: bulbs of vestibule

61
Q

Muscle of the bladder and arterial supply

A

Detrusor muscle. Superior and inferior vesicular arteries.

62
Q

Lymphatic drainage of the: kidneys, upper/middle/lower ureters, pelvic ureter and bladder

63
Q

Effects of the somatic, parasympathetic (S2-S4) and sympathetic (T10-L2) on the detrusor muscle and spincters

64
Q

3 parts of the pubic bone

65
Q

difference between male and female pelvis bone

66
Q

3 parts of the levantor ani muscle and what it is

A

Levantor ani (3 parts) makes up the pelvic floor. 3 parts: puborectalis, pubococcygeous, iliococcygeus, coccygeus,

67
Q

2 triangles in the perineum and their contents

A

Anal triangle: anal aperture, anal sphincters, ischioanal fossae, pudendal nerve.

Urogenital triangle: urethra, urthral sphincters, vagina, bulbourethral glands, muscles of the reproductive organs

68
Q

Layers of the urogenital triangle

69
Q

Episiotomy

A

surgical incision through the perineum to aid in childbirth and prevent uncontrollable tearing of the perineum

70
Q

Neurovascular supply of the perineum

A

Internal pudendal artery and pudendal nerve (S2 to S4)

FBS1 (7 decks)

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