other

Question 1

what is the investigation of choice for reflux nephropathy?

Answer 1

micturating cystography

Question 2

example of coagulase negative staphylococcal species?

Answer 2

staphylococcus epideermis

Question 3

most common cause of peritonitis secondary to peritoneal dialysiS… AND why ?

Answer 3

staphylococcus epidermis

pathogen colonises the skin & hands and patient or the carer will then contaminate the dialysis equiptment

Question 4

what tests should be conducted in a patient with suspected anaemia of chronic disease secondary to CKD?

Answer 4

follow up iron studies

Question 5

most common viral infection in solid organ transplant recipients?

Answer 5

CMV

Question 6

side effects of EPO

Answer 6

• Bone aches
• flu like symptoms
• skin rashes

Question 7

2 episodes of painless frank haematuria - how should this be investigated?

Answer 7

Urgent 2 week wait referral on cancer pathway

Cystoscopy

Question 8

what is gold standard for bladder cancer?

Answer 8

cystoscopy

Question 9

acid base imbalance seen in salicylic acid overdose (aspirin)

Answer 9

Mixed resp alkalosis & metabolic acidosis & raised anion gap due to circulating salicylic acid

Question 10

symptoms caused by amitriptyline overdose?

Answer 10

dry eyes, dry mouth, urinary retention, flushing. tachycardia

Question 11

hereditary cause of diabetes insipidue?

Answer 11

hereditary haemochromatosis

Question 12

5 causes of persistent non visible haematuria

Answer 12

• Cancer
• Stones
• BPH
• Prostatitis
• Urethritis
• Renal cause: IgA nephropathy

Question 13

what lab test is rhabdomyolysis characterised by?

Answer 13

raised plasma creatine kinase

Question 14

medication causing nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

Answer 14

lithium

Question 15

which type of DI responds to exogenous ADH?

Answer 15

cranial does

Question 16

why is nephrotic syndrome associated with a hypercoagulable state?

Answer 16

due to loss of antithrombin 3 via kidneys

Question 17

most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults?

Answer 17

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

Question 18

what group of medx can cause acute intersitial nephritis (3)

Answer 18

NSADIs e.g. diclofenac

salicylates

ACEi

DIuretics

Question 19

loop diuretic to prevent formation of ascites in patients with chronic liver diasease?

Answer 19

Aldosterone antagonists e.g. spironolactone

Question 20

which nephrotic syndrome may be assocuated with Lupus

Answer 20

membranous glomerulonephritis

Question 21

potassium requirement for maintainance fluids?

Answer 21

1 mmol/kg/day

Question 22

what is the prognosis for minimal change disease?

Answer 22

1/3 = infreq relapses

2/3 = later recurrent episodes

Question 23

how are maintenance fluids for children given?

Answer 23

100 ml for every kg up to 10 kg

50 ml for every kg between 10 and 20kg

20 ml for every subsequent kg from 20kg up

Question 24

what is hyperacute transplant rejection caused by?

Answer 24

pre existing antibodies against ABO or HLA antigens

Question 25

what are the eGFR variables used in the formula Modification of Diet in Renal disease equation?

Answer 25

CAGE - serum Creatinine - Age - gender - Ethnicity

Question 26

what is used as vitamin D supplement in End stage renal disease and why?

Answer 26

Alfacalcidol because it does not require activation in the kidneys

Question 27

sodium levels in prerenal uraemia?

Answer 27

sodium levels are high because the kidneys hold onto the sodium

Question 28

what is the screening test for adult polycystic kidney disease?

Answer 28

Ultrasound abdomen

Question 29

name some features of HSP

Answer 29

IgA mediated small vessel vasculitis - palpable purupuric rash - abdominal pain - polyarthritis

Question 30

features of IgA nephropathy (2)

Answer 30

- haematuria | - renal failrue

Question 31

criteria to refer to nephrologist in relation to declining kidney function:

Answer 31

1) eGFR < 30 2) eGFR fall by more than 15 in a year 3) eGFR fall of 25% or more in a year

Question 32

criteria to refer to nephrologist in relation to ACR

Answer 32

1) ACR of 70 or more | 2) ACR of 30 or more & persistent haematuria (w/ exclusion of UTI)

Question 33

what causes of AKI does a positive protein on urine dip rule out?

Answer 33

pre renal and post renal causes

Question 34

how to differentiate between ATN & acute intersitial nephritis as causes of AKI?

Answer 34

Acute intersitial nephritis - is an inflammatory process therefore WCC in in urine ATN - urine would have no cellular component

Question 35

urine dipstick finding in glomerulonephritis

Answer 35

haematauria

Question 36

most likely cause of death for patient with CKD on haemodialysis

Answer 36

IHD

Question 37

mechanism of thiazide diuretics & example

Answer 37

e.g. bendroflumethiazide, indapamide inhibit Na reabsorption at the beginning of the DCT resulting in na, k and Cl excretion

Question 38

mechanism of loop diuretics & example

Answer 38

-e.g. furosemide, bumetanide Inhibit NaCl in the thick ascending limb of the loop of henle resulting in a decreased absorption of NaCl

Question 39

e.g. of osmotic diuretic

Answer 39

Mannitol reduces brain volume and ICP by extracing H20 form the tissue into the blood

Question 40

e.g. of aldosterone antagonist

Answer 40

spironolactone | eplerenone

Question 41

what lactate level should you give IV 500mls NaCl 0.9% STAT

Answer 41

lactate above 2

Question 42

what is electrolyte requirement in maintainenance fluids?

Answer 42

1mmol/kg/day of Na, K & Cl

Question 43

maintainence fluid requirement of Glucose

Answer 43

50-100g/day

Question 44

daily adult fluid requirements water

Answer 44

25-30 ml/kg/day