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Question 1

name 3 medical therapies that can be used for the treatment of urinary stones and how do they work?

Answer 1

1) penicillamine - binds to cysteine to reduce the amount of cysteine in urine
2) Allopurinol - makes it more difficult for your body to make uric acid therefore reducing amount of uric acid in urine
3) Bendroflumethiazide - thiazide like diuretic that reduces amount of calcium in urine by enhancing tubular reabsorption of calcium

Question 2

Name 2 benign kidney tumours

Answer 2

angiomyolipomas

oncocytoma

Question 3

what is the presentation triad of renal cell carcima?

Answer 3

pain
haematuria
mass

Question 4

What is papillary necrosis and what are the risk factors for it?

Answer 4

It is necrosis and shredding of medullary papillae

risk factors;

• analgesia (acetaminophen, NSAIDs)
• DM
• sickle cell disease
• infection

Question 5

what is the classical presentation of cystitis?

Answer 5

• dysuria
• increased urinary frequency
• urinary urgency

Question 6

When suspecting a UTI, what tests should the MSU sample undergo and why?

Answer 6

• Urine dipstix test; nitrite, leucocytes, blood, protein

- sent to lab for microscopy, culture and sensitivity analysis (takes 48 hours)

Question 7

What is pyonephrosis and how is it picked up?

and how is it treated?

Answer 7

obstructed infected kidney usually caused by a uteric stone. picked up on CT or ultrasound imaging.

Treated urgently by decompression w/ a nephrostomy tube

Question 8

Which 3 Abx commonly used to treat a simple lower UTI and what is the course duration?

Answer 8

• trimethoprim
• cephalexin
• nitrofurantoin
  3 day course.

Question 9

what is the treatment for pyelonephritis w/ pyrexia?

Answer 9

24-48 hours of IV gentamicin or temicillin, followed by a 10 day course of oral Abx