CKD Flashcards
What is the GFR range for stage 1 CKD?
eGFR > 90 ml/min with some sign of kidney damage on other tests
What is the GFR range for stage 3 CKD?
3a - eGFR 45-59 ml/min, a moderate reduction in kidney function
3b - eGFR 30-44 ml/min, a moderate reduction in kidney function
what is the GFR range for stage 5 CKD?
eGFR < 15ml/min, established kidney failure, dialysis or a kidney transplant may be needed
What are the acceptable changes in creatinine levels and eGFR values, after starting ACEi?
- decrease in eGFR of up to 25%
- rise in creatinine of up to 30%
What are the side effects of ACEi?
- angioedema - (may occur up to a year after starting treatment)
- hyperkalaemia
- dry cough
- first dose hypotension - (more common in patients taking diuretics)
At what eGFR does normochromic normocytic anaemia tend to become apparent?
eGFR < 35 ml/min
What is the most significant cause of anaemia in CKD?
reduced EPO levels
What are the pathological causes of anaemia in CKD?
- reduced EPO levels
- reduced erythropoiesis due to the toxic effects of uraemia on the bone marrow
- reduced absorption of iron
- anorexia/vomiting due to uraemia
- reduced red cell survival (especially in haemodialysis)
- blood loss due to poor platelet function and capillary fragility
- stress ulceration leading to chronic blood loss
What is the initial and maintenance treatment post renal transplant?
initial - ciclosporin/tacrolimas w/ a monoclonal antibody
maintenance - addition w/ sirolimas (macrolide compound)
add steroids if more than one steroid responsive acute acute rejection episode
What are the respective treatments for each of the following renal calculi;
1) stone < 2 cm
2) stone < 2cm in pregnancy
3) complex calculi and staghorn calculi
1) lithiotripsy
2) ureteroscopy
3) percutaneous nephrolithotomy
