other Flashcards
Was POG planned?
Yes
•The banners used in the Pilgrimage were made in advance.
No
Aske was on his way to London for the new law term when he got caught in the rebellion
no evidence of pre-planning
JJ Scarisbrick, it was a conservative rebellion from below – the ‘largest rebellion in English history’, but “above all a protest against change – a desperate attempt to restore what had been pulled down and protect what still stood.”
For Dickens the “roots of the movement were decidedly economic, its demands predominantly secular”
Nuance Geoffrey Elton, it was the product of the northern gentry and emphatically not a ‘spontaneous combustion’ caused by discontent among the commons. There were spontaneous elements, but at root it was a planned rebellion Davies, it was predominantly popular, and there were genuine religious causes behind it. He accepts there was “a great deal of upper class prompting”
was POG rising of faction, clergy, commons?
G.R Elton - organised by an out of favour Aragonese faction
Organisation suggests it wasn’t spontaneous - only gentry would have connections to organise such large scale rising
Some of rebel demands, Statute of Uses, only applied to gentry
Gentry were most affected by changes in royal policy and the increased influence of Duke of Suffolk in Lincolnshire
Hussey and Darcy played key role and had court positions
Nobility involved had motives to rise
They had lost their positions at court
Resented the influence of Thomas Cromwell and Anne Boleyn - rebel demands attacked Cromwell, Richard Rich and Thomas Audley, gentry felt like they’d lost out due to upstarts
Names of heretics who were attacked would not have been known by commons
Although gentry argued they were coerced into action, it was a useful way to excuse the behaviour one the rising had failed
Steven Gunn - at least in Lincolnshire, it was the work of Parish clergy, but more importantly the leaders in villages and town, the richer yeomen and tradesmen - local officers e.g. churchwardens and parish constables
Demands concerned wealth of local churches
Clergy and monks played significant role in rising - ones who had been most dramatically impacts by religious changes
Clergy supplied money for the rising - in Lincolnshire they provided the rebels at Louth with funds - some monks joined the rising, armed and horsed
In Louth it was the priest who encouraged the rising
Micheal Bush - primarily a rising of the commons
Nine host armies began as a protest of the people
It was the belief in the ‘society of orders’ that led the commons to insist that the gentry would best articulate their views
Original name - ‘the pilgrimage of grace for the commonwealth’
Aims of rebels to protect commonwealth - demands on:
Taxation
Tenants’ rights
Wealth of local churches
gentry, e.g. Hussey, did not have influence in the society to raise such numbers
Once gentry were forced into joining, they tried to prevent rebellion from becoming violent
In Louth Nicholas Melton = original leader of rebellion (cobbler)
Western rebellion as a religious/socio-econ rising
Christopher Haigh - religious rising
Demands of rebels heavily religious - restoration of many old religious practises, inc. restoration of 6 articles, ceremony and ritual of Catholicism and hold bread and water
Rebels attacked the Protestant belief in communion in both kinds
Rebels wanted return of Cardinal Pole, as political leader
Demanded return of 2 traditional clerics: Richard Crispin and John Moreman
Barrett L. Beer - more socially and economically driven
Demands drawn up by clergy - bound to have more religious dimension
Original demands have not survived - from other evidence we know they contained social and economic grievances
Actions of rebels suggest gentry were their enemy
Attacked and robbed gentry on St. Micheal’s Mount
At Bodmin they shouted ‘Kill the Gentlemen’
Rebels killed William Hellyons, only member of gentry who resisted
Attacked Trenton Castles, plundered it and put owner in jail
Government forces set fire to barn - Beer, the charred barns and houses stood as a grim reminder of the widens cleavage between the landowning gentry and the masses of working men and women.’
Siege of Exeter - gov worried poorer citizens would led rebels in so they organised poor relief, sold firewood cheaply and distributed food at low cost/ free
Leader of royal army warned government about nobility exploiting the peasantry
Was gentry who gained from reformation - may be why rebels wanted:
Limit to number of servants gentry could have
Restoration of monastic lands
Western. How violent were the rebels
The rebels were violent.
Cornish rebels started by attacking and robbing the gentry who had retreated to St. Micheal’s Mount
Bodmin - rebels shouted, ‘Kill the gentlemen’
Devon - rebels murdered William Hellyons - only member of gentry who resisted them
Attacked Trematon Castle - plundered it and put its owner in jail
Rebels refused to negotiate with gentry, even though there is evidence that they had some sympathy for the rebels’ religious grievance, that religion should remain as H8 left it until E6 of age
Clashes between city of Exeter and rebels - rebels attempted to set fire to city gates - attempted to mine the walls
Number of engagements between rebels and gov forces - significant encounters: Fenny Bridges Clyst St. Mary Clyst Heath Sampford Courtnay
The rebels were not violent.
It was the government forces that set fire to the rebel defences at Crediton, which caused barns and houses to set alight
View of rebels as violent and ‘refuse, scum of the whole country’ is from gentry - therefore should be treated with caution
Sir Peter Carew, leading Protestant sympathiser, attempted to meet rebels near Crediton, attitude made situation more tense, later reprimanded by government for his actions
John Hooker was the only contemporary writer of the rebellion cemented - ‘the common people noised and spread it abroad that the gentlemen were altogether bent to overrun, spoil and destroy them’ - encouraged further resistance
Divisions within gentry over tactics encourages the rebels to be more aggressive
Rebels did not launch attack on Exeter but wanted to show that they were serious about controlling the area - when they advanced to Exeter they carried the Fiver Wounds of Christ, as had peaceful POG
Tyrone rebel demands
Catholic, Apostolic, Roman religion be openly preached
Church of Ireland be governed by Pope
Irish priests and religious men in prison be released
Est uni to teach science according to Roman Catholicism
Gov of Ireland be eat last Earl and member of English Privy Council
Officers of council/ law be Irishman
Principle governments of Ireland be Irishman
No Irish heirs to lose lands due to ancestors mistakes
No children/ friends taken hostage by English
English can’t get Irish to see vs. Their will
Get lands back and obey laws of last 200 years
Irish to travel abroad without informing Queen’s officers
Irishmen learn and be in any occupation they want
Why was Tyrone’s rebellion so difficult to suppress
Strength of Tyrone’s rebellion –>
First national rebellion - gave Tyrone widespread support
Tyrone had control over Ulster and good supply of resources
Tyrone’s forces were well trained - often led by men who had served E1’s armies
Tyrone had reinforcements from mercenaries in Scotland
Tyrone was a competent leader - well-trained in the art of ambush and had knowledge of the local area so could conduct a guerrilla based campaign when it suited him
It was Elizabeth’s actions and policies which made it hard to suppress –>
Expenditure of Ireland to be kept low, but area needed to kept secured so it couldn’t be used as a base by Spain
Ireland had been increasingly neglected by E1 and her council, so many Irish felt alienated
Lord Deputy, Fitzwilliam, old and unable to control factional disputes
Council divided over strategy - E1 wanted peace, other advisers arguing for more aggressive policy to deal with threat
Appointment of Essex a mistake - ill-suited, wasted time, troops and resources in needless manoeuvres - seen by how quickly Mountjoy was able to resolve issue - Essex may have entered into secret negotiations with Tyrone
Western rebellion battles
Fenny bridges
Clyst st Mary
Clyst Heath
Sampford courtenay
Western rebellion backdrop of unrest
Series of riots and rebellion throughout south, east, central eng
War with Scotland
Threat of invasion from France
Who said what about religion 1549
William Paget
New religion had not won the support of the people
relationship of John de la Pole to royals
nephew of Richard lll
who did H7 marry and why
Elizabeth, the daughter of Edward lV in an attempt to unite with Yorkists
Lovell’s age
30
Lovell’s relationship with royals
close confident of Richard lll
what happened to Lovell in first parliament
had his lands attainted by H7
meant he lost all of his lands and property and would in all likelihood be executed if he was captured
where were Lovell and Staffords since Bosworth
sanctuary at Colchester
