Other

Question 1

gram stain steps

Answer 1

1. heat fix and stain cells with crystal violet
2. modify with K iodine solution, decolorize with alcohol
3. counter stain with safranin

Question 2

atypicals are treated with

Answer 2

tetracycline

Question 3

waves of colonization

Answer 3

1. birth
2. adolesence
3. menopause

Question 4

normal skin bacteria

Answer 4

staph epidermidis and staph aureus

Question 5

where skin bacteria cause problems

Answer 5

teeth and heart

Question 6

normal teeth bacteria

Answer 6

strep sanguis and strep mutans (viridans)

Question 7

normal nasal and throat bacteria

Answer 7

staphylococci, streptococci, neisseria, coccobacillus, haemophilus

Question 8

otitis media infections

Answer 8

H. influenza and s. pneumonia

Question 9

pneumonia infections

Answer 9

H. influenza, s. pneumonia, s. aureus

Question 10

meningitis infections

Answer 10

s. pneumoniae, n. meningiditis, h. influenzae

Question 11

normal gut bacteria

Answer 11

enterics, enterococci, some strep, c albicans

Large: bacteroides, enterics enterococci, lactobacili, clostridia

Question 12

anaerobic and mixed abscesses bacteria

Answer 12

bacteroides fragilis

Question 13

normals in urogenital tract

Answer 13

staphylococci, enterics

Question 14

roles of toxins

Answer 14

1. promote growth by giving access to nutrients
2. break down epithelium
3. interfere with phagocytosis

Question 15

examples of roles of membrane active toxins

Answer 15

1. S aureus breaks down RBCs for iron
2. pneumolysin is anti-phagocytic
3. listeriolysin destroys phagosome membrane

Question 16

specialized secretions systems are only found in…

Answer 16

gram negatives

Question 17

many exotoxins target…

Answer 17

GTPase cycle

Question 18

tetani vs botulinum

Answer 18

tetani - blocks inhibition by binding GABA leading to spastic paralysis

botulinum - block stimulatory acetylcholine leading to flaccid paralysis

Question 19

class 1 exotoxins

Answer 19

membrane active

Question 20

type 3 and 4 exotoxins

Answer 20

use specialized secretion systems

Question 21

two ways bacteria can get in

Answer 21

signal transduction in AB toxins and sepcialized secretion systems

Question 22

dectins

Answer 22

major lectins involved in phagocytosis of fungus

Question 23

antimicrobial peptides

Answer 23

defensins and cathelicidin

Question 24

shitella found in what cell

Answer 24

epithelium

Question 25

richettsia found in what cell

Answer 25

endothelium

Question 26

TB found in what cell

Answer 26

macrophag

Question 27

antibiotics that are poor intracellularly

Answer 27

aminoglycosides and beta-lactams

Question 28

OspA

Answer 28

outer surface protein in tick illness

Question 29

jarish herxheimer

Answer 29

reaction in death of lyme disease organisms

Question 30

relapsing fever

Answer 30

west coast tick, replasing fever, antigenic variation, borrelia hermsii,

Question 31

maltese cross

Answer 31

babesiosis

Question 32

symptoms of rocky mountain spotted fever

Answer 32

fever, headache rash

Question 33

hemolytic anemia and infection in RBC

Answer 33

babeosis

Question 34

low platelets in tick infections

Answer 34

anaplasmosis and erlichiosis