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1
Q
A

sorghum (johnson grass)
* contains cyanide/cyanogen
* inhibits mitochondiral cytochrome oxidase. oxyhemoglobin cannot release O2 for electron transport leading to cellular hypoxia
* Clinical signs: 10-15 mins after eating and often acute death, excitement, muscle tremors, dyspnea, salivation, urination and defecation, bright red cheery blood and MM, almond smell
* treatment: sodium nitrite creates methemoglobin that binds to cyanide, sodium thiosulfate form thiocyanate that is excreted in urine

other cyanide plants: Chokecherry (Prunus sp), Vetch, Hydrangea, Johnson grass (Sorghum)

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2
Q
A

chokecherry (prunus)
* contains cyanide/cyanogen
* inhibits mitochondiral cytochrome oxidase. oxyhemoglobin cannot release O2 for electron transport leading to cellular hypoxia
* Clinical signs: 10-15 mins after eating and often acute death, excitement, muscle tremors, dyspnea, salivation, urination and defecation, bright red cheery blood and MM, almond smell
* treatment: sodium nitrite creates methemoglobin that binds to cyanide, sodium thiosulfate form thiocyanate that is excreted in urine

other cyanide plants: Chokecherry (Prunus sp), Vetch, Hydrangea, Johnson grass (Sorghum)

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3
Q

how to treat?

A

sorghum (johnson grass)
* contains cyanide/cyanogen
* inhibits mitochondiral cytochrome oxidase. oxyhemoglobin cannot release O2 for electron transport leading to cellular hypoxia
* Clinical signs: 10-15 mins after eating and often acute death, excitement, muscle tremors, dyspnea, salivation, urination and defecation, bright red cheery blood and MM, almond smell
* treatment: sodium nitrite creates methemoglobin that binds to cyanide with a greater affinity than cytochrome oxidase, sodium thiosulfate form thiocyanate that is excreted in urine

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4
Q

what color will blood and MM?

A

sorghum (johnson grass)
* contains cyanide/cyanogen
* inhibits mitochondiral cytochrome oxidase. oxyhemoglobin cannot release O2 for electron transport leading to cellular hypoxia
* Clinical signs: 10-15 mins after eating and often acute death, excitement, muscle tremors, dyspnea, salivation, urination and defecation, bright red cheery blood and MM, almond smell
* treatment: sodium nitrite creates methemoglobin that binds to cyanide with a greater affinity than cytochrome oxidase, sodium thiosulfate form thiocyanate that is excreted in urine

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5
Q
A

Pigweed (amaranthus)
* nitrate accumulating plant
* cattle: cause decrease to nitrite by microbes in the rumen
* causes methemoglobinemia- chocolate colored blood- with lower O2 carrying capacity
* Clinical signs: muddy mm, dyspnea, tremors, ataxia, tachycardia
* Treatment: 1% methylene blue- reduces methemoglobin

Other Nitrate plants: Pigweed (Amaranthus), Nightshades (Solanum), Oat hay, Sorghum, Rye, Alfalfa.

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6
Q

what color will MM and blood be?

A

Pigweed (amaranthus)
* nitrate accumulating plant
* cattle: cause decrease to nitrite by microbes in the rumen
* causes methemoglobinemia- chocolate colored blood- with lower O2 carrying capacity
* Clinical signs: muddy mm, dyspnea, tremors, ataxia, tachycardia
* Treatment: 1% methylene blue- reduces methemoglobin

Other Nitrate plants: Pigweed (Amaranthus), Nightshades (Solanum), Oat hay, Sorghum, Rye, Alfalfa.

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7
Q
A

Nightshades (solanum)
* nitrate accumulating plant
* cattle: cause decrease to nitrite by microbes in the rumen
* causes methemoglobinemia- chocolate colored blood- with lower O2 carrying capacity
* Clinical signs: muddy mm, dyspnea, tremors, ataxia, tachycardia
* Treatment: 1% methylene blue- reduces methemoglobin

Other Nitrate plants: Pigweed (Amaranthus), Nightshades (Solanum), Oat hay, Sorghum, Rye, Alfalfa.

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8
Q

what are some cardiotoxic plants

A
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9
Q
A

oleander(nerium oleander)- cardiotoxic plant: Contains cardiac glycosides, oleandrin and neriine.
Clinical signs: salivation, nausea, weakness, bradycardia, hypotension, AV block, collapse and acute death is possible
Treatment: emesis, activated charcoal, supportive care, atropine for severe bradycardia, isoproterenol, procainamide or quinidine for AV block

other cardiotoxic plants: oleander (nerium oleander), foxglove(digitalis purpurea), lily of the valley (convallaria majalis) , yew (cuspidata), rhododendron(azalea)

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10
Q
A

Foxglove (Digitalis purpurea)- Contains cardiac glycosides, which increase contractility and decrease
heart rate via vagal stimulation, prolonging diastole.
Clinical signs: salivation, nausea, weakness, bradycardia, hypotension, AV block, collapse and acute death is possible
Treatment: emesis, activated charcoal, supportive care, atropine for severe bradycardia, isoproterenol, procainamide or quinidine for AV block

other cardiotoxic plants: oleander (nerium oleander), foxglove(digitalis purpurea), lily of the valley (convallaria majalis) , yew (cuspidata), rhododendron(azalea)

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11
Q
A

Lily-of-the-valley (Convallaria majalis)- Contains >20 cardiac glycosides, has a digitalis-like action
Clinical signs: salivation, nausea, weakness, bradycardia, hypotension, AV block, collapse and acute death is possible
Treatment: emesis, activated charcoal, supportive care, atropine for severe bradycardia, isoproterenol, procainamide or quinidine for AV block

other cardiotoxic plants: oleander (nerium oleander), foxglove(digitalis purpurea), lily of the valley (convallaria majalis) , yew (cuspidata), rhododendron(azalea)

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12
Q
A

Yew (Taxus sp. including cuspidata)- Contains taxine alkaloids A and B, which inhibit cardiac depolarization.
Clinical signs: salivation, nausea, weakness, bradycardia, hypotension, AV block, collapse and acute death is possible
Treatment: emesis, activated charcoal, supportive care, atropine for severe bradycardia, isoproterenol, procainamide or quinidine for AV block

other cardiotoxic plants: oleander (nerium oleander), foxglove(digitalis purpurea), lily of the valley (convallaria majalis) , yew (cuspidata), rhododendron(azalea)

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13
Q
A

Azalea (Rhododendron)- Contains andromedotoxins, which bind membrane sodium channels,
leading to excitation and movement of calcium intracellularly for an effect similar to digitalis.

Clinical signs: salivation, nausea, weakness, bradycardia, hypotension, AV block, collapse and acute death is possible
Treatment: emesis, activated charcoal, supportive care, atropine for severe bradycardia, isoproterenol, procainamide or quinidine for AV block

other cardiotoxic plants: oleander (nerium oleander), foxglove(digitalis purpurea), lily of the valley (convallaria majalis) , yew (cuspidata), rhododendron(azalea)

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14
Q

what plants can cause photosensitization

A
  • St John’s wort (hypericum perforatum)
  • Secondary photosensitization- Any plant causing liver failure, including Rape (Brassica sp),
    Blue-green algae (Microcystis sp), Groundsel (Senecio sp), Crotalaria sp, and Amsinckia intermedia
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15
Q
A

St John’s wort (hypericum perforatum)

  • causes primary photosenitization- increased susceptibility to UV light damage
  • effectsL white skinned area, thin non pigmented area (sclera, udder, muzzle, dorsum)
  • Primary: when ingested or absorbed it is metabolized to become photodynamic (becomes a high energy molecule when exposed to UV light, causing membrane and free radical damage), usually just effects skin, better prognosis that 2nd photo
  • Secondary: impaired liver function reduces excretion of plant pigments (phyllorythrin, chlorophyll breakdown product)- damages liver and skin
  • Clinical signs: erythema, sunburn, itchy, hyperesthesia

Primary photo: St Johns wort (hypericum perforatum)
2nd: any plant that causes liver problems: Rape (brassica sp), blue green algea, groundsel (senecio sp)

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16
Q
A

Groundsel (senecio sp)

  • causes 2ndary photosenitization- increased susceptibility to UV light damage by damaging the liver
  • effectsL white skinned area, thin non pigmented area (sclera, udder, muzzle, dorsum)
  • Primary: when ingested or absorbed it is metabolized to become photodynamic (becomes a high energy molecule when exposed to UV light, causing membrane and free radical damage), usually just effects skin, better prognosis that 2nd photo
  • Secondary: impaired liver function reduces excretion of plant pigments (phyllorythrin, chlorophyll breakdown product)- damages liver and skin
  • Clinical signs: erythema, sunburn, itchy, hyperesthesia

Primary photo: St Johns wort (hypericum perforatum)
2nd: any plant that causes liver problems: Rape (brassica sp), blue green algea, groundsel (senecio sp)

tiny yellow flowers

17
Q
A

Brassica spp (Rape)

  • causes 2ndary photosenitization- increased susceptibility to UV light damage by damaging the liver
  • effectsL white skinned area, thin non pigmented area (sclera, udder, muzzle, dorsum)
  • Primary: when ingested or absorbed it is metabolized to become photodynamic (becomes a high energy molecule when exposed to UV light, causing membrane and free radical damage), usually just effects skin, better prognosis that 2nd photo
  • Secondary: impaired liver function reduces excretion of plant pigments (phyllorythrin, chlorophyll breakdown product)- damages liver and skin
  • Clinical signs: erythema, sunburn, itchy, hyperesthesia

Primary photo: St Johns wort (hypericum perforatum)
2nd: any plant that causes liver problems: Rape (brassica sp), blue green algea, groundsel (senecio sp)

tiny yellow flowers

18
Q
A

lupine (lupinus sp)

  • neurotoxic plant
  • affects sheep
  • contains lupinine, a quinolizidine alkaloid- induces nicotinic effects
  • clinical signs: salivation, incoordination, head pressing, aimless, muscle tremors, seizures, dyspnea
  • Teratogen in cattle, NOT sheep: day 40-70 of gestation- crooked calf syndrome, torticollis, scoliosis, carpal flexure

other neuro plants: lupine (lupinus), poison hemlock (conium maculatum),Larkspur (delphinium), nightshade (solanum sp), bracken fern (pteridium aquilinum)

19
Q

will do what to sheep?

A

lupine (lupinus sp)

  • neurotoxic plant
  • affects sheep
  • contains lupinine, a quinolizidine alkaloid- induces nicotinic effects
  • clinical signs: salivation, incoordination, head pressing, aimless, muscle tremors, seizures, dyspnea
  • Teratogen in cattle, NOT sheep: day 40-70 of gestation- crooked calf syndrome, torticollis, scoliosis, carpal flexure

other neuro plants: lupine (lupinus), poison hemlock (conium maculatum),Larkspur (delphinium), nightshade (solanum sp), bracken fern (pteridium aquilinum)

20
Q

will do what to cows?

A

lupine (lupinus sp)

  • neurotoxic plant
  • affects sheep
  • contains lupinine, a quinolizidine alkaloid- induces nicotinic effects
  • clinical signs: salivation, incoordination, head pressing, aimless, muscle tremors, seizures, dyspnea
  • Teratogen in cattle, NOT sheep: day 40-70 of gestation- crooked calf syndrome, torticollis, scoliosis, carpal flexure

other neuro plants: lupine (lupinus), poison hemlock (conium maculatum),Larkspur (delphinium), nightshade (solanum sp), bracken fern (pteridium aquilinum)

21
Q
A

Poison hemlock (conium maculatum)

  • neurotoxic plant: contains coniine and pyridine-type alkaloids
  • Clinical signs: develop very rapidly: salivation, V/D, muscle tremors, weakness, covuslions, death by respiratory failure

other neuro plants: lupine (lupinus), poison hemlock (conium maculatum),Larkspur (delphinium), nightshade (solanum sp), bracken fern (pteridium aquilinum)

22
Q
A

larkspur (delphinium)

  • neurotoxic plant: polycylic diterpene alkaloids
  • reversibly bind to and competitively block neuromuscular receptors, cholinergic and nicotinic antagonist
  • Cattle: toxic window - tall plant- impairing eructation
  • clinical signs: bloat, excitability, muscle tremors, stiffness, paresis, seizures, arrhythmia, death by respiratory paralysis, fatal penumonia
23
Q

what animal is most effected by eating

A

larkspur (delphinium)

  • neurotoxic plant: polycylic diterpene alkaloids
  • reversibly bind to and competitively block neuromuscular receptors, cholinergic and nicotinic antagonist
  • Cattle: toxic window - tall plant- impairing eructation
  • clinical signs: bloat, excitability, muscle tremors, stiffness, paresis, seizures, arrhythmia, death by respiratory paralysis, fatal penumonia
24
Q
A

Nightshade (solanum sp)
* neurotoxic and accumulating nitrates
* Nitrite causes methemoglobinemia- chocolate colored blood and muddy mm with reduced O2 carrying capacity
* GI irritant (glycoalkaloid)
* Neuro toxin (aglycone)
* Clinical signs: dyspnea, tremors, convulsions, ataxia, tachycardia, anorexia, nausea, abdominal pain, V/D, apathy, paresis/paralysis, unconsciousness
* Treatment: 1% methylene blue- reduces methemoglobin

Nitrate: pigweed, nightshade, sorghum

25
Q
A

Bracken Fern (Pteridium Aquilinum)
neurotoxic plant

  • cattle, sheep, pigs, horses
  • Thiaminase- cleaves vit B1 and also contains up to 1% ptaquilodise which alkylates DNA leading to carcinogenicity and bone marrow suppression in ruminants
  • Thiamine deficiency leads to polioencephalomalacia
  • clinical signs: incoordination, standing with legs apart, depression, muscle tremors, ataxia, blindness, retinal degeneration
  • Clinical signs of ptaquiloside in ruminants: Bone marrow destruction, hemorrhage, anemia, elevated pyruvic acid, tumors in baldder and other organs, hemorrhagic cystitis, intermittent hematuria, low lymphocyte and neutrophil numbers
  • Treatment: injectable thiamine, no treatment for ptaquiloside
26
Q

what neurotoxic plant can cause polioencephalomalacia in cattle and sheep?

A

Bracken Fern (Pteridium Aquilinum)
neurotoxic plant

  • cattle, sheep, pigs, horses
  • Thiaminase- cleaves vit B1 and also contains up to 1% ptaquilodise which alkylates DNA leading to carcinogenicity and bone marrow suppression in ruminants
  • Thiamine deficiency leads to polioencephalomalacia
  • clinical signs: incoordination, standing with legs apart, depression, muscle tremors, ataxia, blindness, retinal degeneration
  • Clinical signs of ptaquiloside in ruminants: Bone marrow destruction, hemorrhage, anemia, elevated pyruvic acid, tumors in baldder and other organs, hemorrhagic cystitis, intermittent hematuria, low lymphocyte and neutrophil numbers
  • Treatment: injectable thiamine, no treatment for ptaquiloside
27
Q

what plant can cause polioencephalomalacia from thiamine deficiency

A

bracken fern

28
Q
A

Black walnut (juglans nigra)
* horses
* sawdust or shavings used as bedding can be a source
* Clinical signs: acute onset of laminitis, may progress to necrosis of dorsal laminae, distal limb edema, fever
* treatment: remove source and clean GI with mineral oil or charcoal, wash legs and feet, treat for laminitis

29
Q
A

Castor Bean (ricinus communis)
* highly toxic glycoprotein

Clinical signs: may have lag period
* anorexia, V/D
* weakness, thirst
* muscle spasms, uremia, death
* sweating, ataxia (horses)
* extensive organ edema and damage

30
Q
A

Dumbcane (dieffenbachia)

clinical signs (may last days or weeks)
* irritation to mucous membrane
* ptyalism
* edema of tongue and lips
* difficulty swallowing or breathing

31
Q
A

locoweed (astragalus and ocytropis)
* sheep cattle and llamas
swainsonine- neuro toxic- inhibit lysosomla enzyles that aid in sacchardie metabolism- leads to accumation of complex sugars and oligosaccharides in the brain and other organs, that interfer with normal function
rocky mountain states

Clinical signs:
* ataxia- circling, difficult to handle
* clicking of dewclaws (cracker heels), CP deficits
* emaciation
* emphysema (sheep)
* abortion, teratogenesis (contracted tendons)

32
Q
A

water hemlock

  • very toxic!
  • cicutoxin
  • clinical signs: acute violent tetanic seizures ( resembles strychnine poisoning), rapid progession from salivation to muscle twitching, teeth griniding, seizure, coma and death
33
Q
A

yellow star thistle (centaurae solstitialis)

  • horses
  • nigropallidal encephalomalacia (chewing disease)
  • clinical signs: over time and usually irreversible: inadbility to eat or drink due to weakness of muscles of lips or tongue, continuous chewing motions with empty mouth or ham food into mouth, behavioral changes, chewing and dropping food, looks similar to early stages of rabies
34
Q

what plan causes chewing disease in horses

A

yellow star thistle (centaurae solstitialis)

  • horses
  • nigropallidal encephalomalacia (chewing disease)
  • clinical signs: over time and usually irreversible: inadbility to eat or drink due to weakness of muscles of lips or tongue, continuous chewing motions with empty mouth or ham food into mouth, behavioral changes, chewing and dropping food, looks similar to early stages of rabies
35
Q
A

western false hellebore (veratrum californium)
* cyclopamine
* sheep, lambs (stillborn)
* Teratogenic effect based on gestation
* Day 14: cyclopse: monkey faced lambs
* Day 17-18: hind limb motor nerve paralysis
* Day 12-30: craniofacial deformities (cleft palate, harelip, brachygnathia)
* Day 30-36: shortened legs from metacarpal and metatarsal bone hypoplasia

36
Q

what plant can cause cyclops sheep and at what age?

A

western false hellebore (veratrum californium)
* cyclopamine
* sheep, lambs (stillborn)
* Teratogenic effect based on gestation
* Day 14: cyclopse: monkey faced lambs
* Day 17-18: hind limb motor nerve paralysis
* Day 12-30: craniofacial deformities (cleft palate, harelip, brachygnathia)
* Day 30-36: shortened legs from metacarpal and metatarsal bone hypoplasia

37
Q

what plant can cause blood cell lysis in horses

A

red maple (acer rubrum)

Clinical signs: depression, icterus, anemia, hemoglobinemia, hemoglobinuria

38
Q
A

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