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cows boo Flashcards

1
Q
A

type 2 ostertagiasis

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2
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lupine

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3
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-

A

right side intracranial

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4
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enzootic pneumnia

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5
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listeriosis from spoiled silage

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6
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promote mild production

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7
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2nd degree type 1

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8
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normal

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9
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malignant catarrhal fever

MCF power lecture

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10
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spastic paresis

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11
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lameness

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12
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float tank

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13
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failure of passive transfer and sepsis, with hypopyon

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14
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BVD power page

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15
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16
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17
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bovine respiratory syncytial virus

lower respiratory disease power lecture

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18
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A

right atrial enlargement

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19
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PU

urolithiasis in rum power lecture

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20
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21
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22
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23
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primary hypericin photosensitization- yellow tall plant

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24
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A

LDA power lecture

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25
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ear infection

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26
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mycobacterium bovis

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27
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A

malignant catarrhal fever

MCF powerlecture

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28
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vena caval thrombosis and metastatic pneumonia

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29
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septic arthritis and osteomyelitis

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30
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pneumo

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31
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copper!

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32
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A

pericardial effusion

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33
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A

48hr

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34
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A

cull the cow!

johne’s disease power lecture

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35
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A

penicllin

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36
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cull

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37
Q
A

dysfunction of the esophageal groove

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38
Q
A

a recent uterine infection

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39
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A

persistent use of anthelminitics 2-3 x during the grazing season

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40
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A

florfenicol SQ, one dose

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41
Q
A

hypochloremia, met alkalosis, hypokalemia

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42
Q
A

vagal indigestion

vagal indigestion (power lecture)

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43
Q
A

topical daily spraying with oxytetracycline nad foot bathes

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44
Q
A

pyelonephritis

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45
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pericardial effusion

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46
Q
A

algae

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47
Q
A

mucosal disease

BVD power page and lecture

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48
Q
A

epizootic bovine abortion

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49
Q
A

4-ipomeanol

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50
Q

what are the types of vagal indigestion of cows

A
  • type 1: can’t burp- esophageal obstruction,cervical mass, free gas bloat:tetanus, frothy bloats
  • type 2: foailure of omasal transport: hardware disease, liver abscess, cancer
  • type 3: pyloric outflow obstuction- abomasal ulcer/adhesion, displacement, sand impaction
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51
Q
A

abomasal tosion

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52
Q
A

Creat (fluid to serum creat 2:1)

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53
Q
A

prepare an autogenous vaccine by isolating some warts from the herd

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54
Q
A

actinomycosis

A. bovis- bacteria- branching gram + rod

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55
Q
A

skin scrape

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56
Q
A

silicate

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57
Q
A

advanced traumatic reticulopericarditis

  • hardware disease
  • breaks through the reticulum and stabs through diaphragm and maybe into heart
  • arches back- reluctance to dip when withers pinched, cranial abdominal pain, bottle jaw, brisket edema
  • plasma fibrinogen >1000
  • nrutrophilia, left shift
  • if chronic: globulin rises and albumin falls
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58
Q
A

virus

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59
Q

eating this causes

A
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60
Q
A

4 L of IV fluids with glucose, sodium, bicarb, Cl and K

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61
Q

big 5 causes of cow calf diarrhea

A

crypto
salmonella
E coli
rotavirus
coronavirus

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62
Q
A

Histophilus somni: gram - rod bacteria

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63
Q
A

intussusception

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64
Q

gestation period for cow

A

283
(9 months)

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65
Q
A

free gas bloat, failure to eructate

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66
Q

type 2 vagal indigestion

A
  • failure of omasal transport: fluids do not leave reticulo-rumen
  • mild acid-base electrolyte abnormalities (type 3 has severe)
  • papple
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67
Q

type 3 vagal indigestion

A
  • pyloric outflow not working
  • can be very large (papple?)
  • internal vomiting: abdomasal contents move into rumen. Increases the rumen Cl= lowCl in blood causing alkalosis
  • Cl in abomasum is usually reabsorbed in the duodenum. In type 3, Cl instead moves into the rumen
  • H ions from the abomasum are usually buffered in duodenum by pancreatic and duodenal bicarb
  • because the cow has low Cl, the anion is replaced by making bicarb by renal mechanisms to maintain neutrality= becomes alkalotic
  • paradoxic aciduria: cow is hypovolemic, kidneys try to save Na to keep water, that means Na is traded for H= acid urine
  • Treatment: IV fluids high in Cl (KCl 50-100 gram per L of NaCl), usually 2ndary to peritonitis, can cause Afib (usually does not need to be treated- will resolve)
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68
Q

why will type 3 vagal indigestion cause paradoxic aciduria

A

type 3: pyloric outflow blocked= Cl into rumen= becomes alkolytic
* will become hypovolemic, low Cl, lowK as water is pulled into rumen.
* kidneys will try to maintain blood pressure by keeping Na, they will exchange H, making acidic urine

vagal indigestion power lecture

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69
Q
A

streptococcus agalactiae›

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70
Q
A

cull

Mycoplasma bovis: no cell wall, cant really use gram stain, but sorta gram negative

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71
Q
A

ceftiofur

3rd gen cephalosporin- intramammary infusion- time dependent bactericidal- inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis (gram +, gram -)

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72
Q
A

anaplasmosis

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73
Q
A

chloramphenicol

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74
Q
A

PGF2alpha will lyse her corpus luteum, increase uterine motility, evacuate her uterus, and bring her into estrus

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75
Q
A

normal is under 200,000

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76
Q
A

poloxalene orally (44mg/kg)

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77
Q
A

lasalcid to calves for 2 months when calves are moved to group pens

coccidiosis- single cell parasite

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78
Q
A

intussesception

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79
Q
A

no symptoms

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80
Q
A

change feed and treat

actinomyces: bacteria gram + filamentous rods, non acid fast

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81
Q
A

otitis media, middle ear trauma, listeriosis

listeria: gram + bacteria, catalase +, anaerobe, facultative intracellular rod

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82
Q
A

rumen acidosis

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83
Q
A

winter dysentery

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84
Q
A

salt poisoning

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85
Q
A

milk fever

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86
Q
A

remove scabrous feeds

  • actinomyces bovis: bacteria gram + filamentous rods
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87
Q
A

amsinckia intermedia

power lecture hepatic disorders

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88
Q

fiddleneck, fireweed and tarweed contain —that do what to the liver —

A

pyrrolizidine alkaloids
* megalocytosis, bilary duct hyperplasia, fibrosis

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89
Q
A

infectious bovine rhinotracheitis

IBR power page

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90
Q
A

histophilus somni: gram -, rod or cocci

central nervous system power lecture

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91
Q
A

mannheimia hemolytica
* gram negative, rod

lower respiratory disease power lecture

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92
Q

bronchopneumonia is seen where in the lung

A

cranial ventral
crackles, wheezes, +/- rubs

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93
Q

common bacteria that can cause respiratory disease in cows

A
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94
Q

what are 4 common viral diseases that cause respiratory disease in cows

A
  • infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR)- bovine herpesvirus 1
  • parainfluenza 3 (PI-3)
  • Bovine respiratory syncytial virus
  • bovine viral diarrhea virus
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95
Q

shipping fever is caused by

A

Mannheimia haemolytica (gram - bacteria)

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96
Q

M. hemolytica produces —

A

shipping fever in cow
* gram negative bacteria that makes leukotoxin and endotoxin

vaccine should include leukotoxin
can work with BVDV to cause immunosupression and brochopneumonia

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97
Q

histophilus somni causes

A

TEME (Bovine thrombotic meningoencephalitis )
* respiratory, neuro disease, polyarthritis

will have yellow (xanthochromia) CSF

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98
Q

CSF from a sick neuro/respiratory cow with yellow CSF could be

A

Histophilus somni

causes Bovine thrombotic meningoencephalitis (TEME)

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99
Q

pasteurella multocida can cause — in cows

A

enzootic pneumonia
bronchopneumonia- chronic abscesses in lungs

gram negative coccobacillus

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100
Q

mycoplasma bovis is what type of bacteria

A
  • has no cell wall- need to pick antibiotics carefully
  • gram negative ish- pleomorphic
  • Facultative anaerobe
  • cause respiratory and musculoskeletal infections in cattle, including pneumonia, mastitis, and arthritis.
  • bovine respiratory disease complex (BRD) and can cause chronic infections

can cause bronchopenumonia, polyarthritis, and ear infection in cows

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101
Q
A

4 weeks postpartum

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102
Q
A

give them hay

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103
Q
A

ELISA to detect antibodiesto BLV

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104
Q
A

E coli

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105
Q
A

amprolium

eimeria- coccidosis, parasite protozoa

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106
Q
A

less than 1 year of age

eimeria bovis: coccidiosis can be treated with amprolium

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107
Q
A

genetic

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108
Q
A

epidural, remove fetal membrans, clean uterus and put back, oxytocin and calcium gluconate

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109
Q
A

locoweed

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110
Q

florfenicol is used for what

A

broad spectrum antibiotic for cattle, pigs and fish
* do NOT give IV!
* treat bovine respiratory disease, foot rot, acute interdigital necrobacillosis
* can be used as SQ one dose for foot rot

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111
Q
A

chockcherry (prunus)

other cyandide containing plants: chokecherry (prunus), vetch, hydrangea, johnson grass (sorghum)

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112
Q
A

nerium oleander

toxic plant power page

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113
Q
A

rumen acidosis with ulceration

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114
Q
A

malignant catarrhal fever (MCF)

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115
Q

clinical signs of malignant catarrhal fever

A

Clinical signs: cloudy eyes/corneal opacity, mucous nasal discharge, thichened cracked skin, diarrhea, high fever, depressed, enlarged lymphnodes, RBC in urine, oral erosion
diagnosis: elisa for serum antibodies, PCR on blood or tissue, can have false neg with asymptomatic carriers
Pathology: T lymphocytic vasculitis that causes obliterative arteries
Prevention: keep sheep away from cattle and bison and keep wildebeest away, no vaccines avilable

  • Caused by gamma herpes virus: Alcelaphine herpesvirus type 1 (A1HV-1 (wildebeest reservoir)
  • Ovine herpesvirus type 2- sheep assos MCF virus (sheep reservoir)
  • Caprine herpesvirs type 2 (reservoir goats)
  • MCFV of white tailed deer (reservoir unknown)
  • only survives hours in environment
  • shed in nasal secretions and other fluids by carriers (sheep and wildebeest)
  • cattle usually dead end hosts
  • 50% of cattle can be asymptomatic
  • vertical transmission in utero and via milk in cattle and bison
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116
Q
A

pharyngeal trauma

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117
Q
A

feeding program

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118
Q
A

gunshot

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119
Q
A

there is severe ventral consolidation of the lung

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120
Q
A

mannheimia hemolytica bronchopneumonia

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121
Q
A

clostridium hemolyticum (Cl novyi type D)
Bacillary Hemoglobinuria (Red water)

  • soil borne anaerobe
  • set off by flukes migrating in liver
  • fever, hemolysis and sudden death
  • differentials: hemolysis: lepto, onions. Hepatic necrosis: black disease is caused by Cl novyi type B (no hemolysis). C perfringes type A(yellow lamb disease)
  • treatment: penicillin, vaccinate against Cl hemolyticum twice before season, fluke control
122
Q
A

bracken fern (pteridium aquilinum)

central nervous sytem power lecture

123
Q
124
Q

what does AFib look like on EKG

A

no P waves, variable intervals between QRS, rapid irrgular heart rate with no atrial sounds or compensatory pauses. no regular rhythm to the irregularity

125
Q
A

ivermectin: macrocyclin lactone (antiparasitic)

  • used for heartworm in dogs and cats
  • used in horses, cattle and sheep as broad spectrum ecto and endoparsitic- use based off fecal egg count
  • cow: roundworm, lungworms, cattle grubs, sucking lice, mites and horn flies
126
Q
A

selenium deficiency

127
Q
A

spastic paresis

128
Q
A

vaccinate all cattle with intranasal vaccine against the virus and treat sick animals with intramuscular porcaine penicillin for 3 days

IBR power page

129
Q

clinical signs of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR)

A

abortion: 5-6 months of gestation, fetal death= partially decomposed, modified live virus can cause pregnant animal to abort
ocular disease: conjunctivitis, clear ocular discharge, corneal opactity
respiratory disease- high fever, red nose, nasal discharge, white plaques in nose, decreased appetite, rapid breathing, non productive cough
infectious pustular vulvovaginitis: red spots and pustules lining vulva, tail swishing, frequent urination
generalized neonatal inection: fatal usually, respiratory, GI, liver, kidneys, adrenals
encephalitis

caused by Bovine Herpesvirus 1

130
Q
A

histophilus somni: gram -, non spore forming coccobacillus

TEME

  • outbreaks of neuro signs, after shipment or winter months
  • transmission through asymptomatic carriers
  • infection through respiratory tract- septicemia- spreads to other organs
  • causes thrombosis of small arteries and veins of CNS, lungs and heart
  • Clinical signs: multiple animals affets, respiratory disease followed by neuro signs, high fever, ataxia, head tilt, nystagmus, strabismus, blindness, harsh lung sounds, retinal hemorrhage, recumbent
  • yellow discoloration of CSF from phagocytized RBC, CSF with high WBC and protein
  • Treatment: systemic antimicrobials: oxytetracycline, penicillin, ceftiofur. NSAIDS
  • Prevention: vaccinate
131
Q

clinical signs of thromboembolic meningoencephalitis in cattle

A

caused by histophilus somni: gram -, non spore forming coccobacillus

TEME
cattle usually 4-12 months old
* outbreaks of neuro signs, after shipment or winter months
* transmission through asymptomatic carriers
* infection through respiratory tract- septicemia- spreads to other organs
* endothelial cells become infected and then degenerate and expose the subendothelial collagen thus triggering the clotting cascade causing thrombosis (not emboli)
* causes thrombosis of small arteries and veins of CNS, lungs and heart
* Clinical signs: multiple animals affected, respiratory disease followed by neuro signs, pneumonia, laryngeal disorders, joint infection, metritis, conjunctivitis, high fever, ataxia, head tilt, nystagmus, strabismus, blindness, harsh lung sounds, retinal hemorrhage, recumbent, multifocal hemorrhages and infarcts in brain stem, cerebral cortex and spinal cord.
* yellow discoloration of CSF from phagocytized RBC, CSF with high WBC and protein
* Treatment: systemic antimicrobials: oxytetracycline, penicillin, ceftiofur. NSAIDS
* Prevention: vaccinate

132
Q
A

traumatic reticulopericarditis

133
Q
A

fetus infected before 125 days of gestation

  • cytopathic (CP) or non-cytopathic (NCP) biotype
  • 100-150 days of gestation: congenital defects: hydrocephalus, cerebellar hypoplasia
  • 40-125 days: persistent infection when exposed to NCP biotype- reservior
  • mucosal disease: when PIs get superinfected with CP biotype or NCP switches to CP biotype- often fatal

BVD power page

134
Q

congenital defects from BVD occur at

A

100-150 days

  • cytopathic (CP) or non-cytopathic (NCP) biotype
  • 100-150 days of gestation: congenital defects: hydrocephalus, cerebellar hypoplasia
  • 40-125 days: persistent infection when exposed to NCP biotype- reservior
  • mucosal disease: when PIs get superinfected with CP biotype or NCP switches to CP biotype- often fatal
135
Q

persistent infected cows from BVD occur by

A
  • cytopathic (CP) or non-cytopathic (NCP) biotype
  • 100-150 days of gestation: congenital defects: hydrocephalus, cerebellar hypoplasia
  • 40-125 days: persistent infection when exposed to NCP biotype- reservior
  • mucosal disease: when PIs get superinfected with CP biotype or NCP switches to CP biotype- often fatal
136
Q

how do cows get infected with mucosal disease

A

also called chronic BVD
* cytopathic (CP) or non-cytopathic (NCP) biotype
* 100-150 days of gestation: congenital defects: hydrocephalus, cerebellar hypoplasia
* 40-125 days: persistent infection when exposed to NCP biotype- reservior
* mucosal disease: when PIs get superinfected with CP biotype or NCP switches to CP biotype- often fatal

137
Q
A

tulathromycin: macrolide for cattle or swine

138
Q

what is tulathromycin

A

macrolide antibiotic
* used in cattle and pigs
* bovine respiratory disease: Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, Histophilus somni, Mycoplasma bovis
* bovine foot rot: Fusobacterium necrophorum, porphyromonas levii
* infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK): moraxella bovis
* swine respiratory disease (SRD)

139
Q
A

vagal indigestion

140
Q
A

debride and block to left front lateral claw

141
Q
A

right heart failure

142
Q
A

fusobacterium necrophorum

143
Q
A

type 2 ostertagiasis, treat with ivermectin

144
Q
A

topical daily spraying of all lesions with oxytetracycline, plus foot bathes

145
Q

what causes hairy foot warts (papillomatus digital dermatitis) in cows

A

treponema spirochete

  • treat with topical tetracycline (oxytetracycline) or topical linocomycin
  • foot bathes
146
Q
A

tetanus

clostridial disease power page

147
Q

blackleg is caused by

A

clostridium chauvoei
* cattle 6 m-2 years, sheep- from wound or parturition
* endospores eaten and cross Gi tract into bloodstream- anaerobic environement (damaged muscle) leads to growth and release of toxins
* clinical signs: lameness, fever, depression, anorexia, crepitus with gas bubbles, can die in 12-48 hours without signs of illness
* Diagnosis: presumptive diagnosis, area is black and necrotic with gas bubbles with foul, sweet odor
* Treatment: usually fatal but can give penicillin
* should immediately dispose of carcass to avoid contaminating the environment
* 7 way vaccine: two doses at one month interval

148
Q

blackleg clinical signs

A

clostridium chauvoei
* cattle 6 m-2 years, sheep- from wound or parturition
* endospores eaten and cross Gi tract into bloodstream- anaerobic environement (damaged muscle) leads to growth and release of toxins
* clinical signs: lameness, fever, depression, anorexia, crepitus with gas bubbles, can die in 12-48 hours without signs of illness
* Diagnosis: presumptive diagnosis, area is black and necrotic with gas bubbles with foul, sweet odor
* Treatment: usually fatal but can give penicillin
* should immediately dispose of carcass to avoid contaminating the environment
* 7 way vaccine: two doses at one month interval

149
Q

what can cause malignant edema

A
  • “7-way” vaccine against Clostridium chauvoei, septicum, novyi types A and B, sordellii and perfringens types C & D.
150
Q
A

xylazine: 4 days
tolazoline: 8 days
Lidocaine: 4 days
Meloxicam: 15 day

151
Q
152
Q
A

local analgesia

153
Q
A

blood transfusion with fresh whole blood

154
Q

what can be given orally for frothy bloat in a cow

A

poloxalene 44 mg/kg

  • will reduce surface tension and destabilize the froth
155
Q
A

euthanasia

156
Q
A

cattle are affected with oral and foot lesions and horses are unaffected

157
Q
A

treat all animals with tetracycline to eliminate carriers, and regulary vaccinate all cattle against the serovar

L. interrogans serovars hardjo and canicola are adapted to cattle and they act as reservior, can cause abortion
* infection with host adapted serovar: mild clinical signs, repro failure, chronic interstitial nephritis
* infection with non-host- adapted serovar: fever, lethargy, anorexia, hemolytic anemia- infection leads to interstitial nephritis and hemoglobunuric nephrosis

158
Q
A

amprolium- anticoccidial

159
Q
A

lateral rear digits

160
Q
A

when liver copper is below 25 ppm, serum copper will be below 0.5 ppm

161
Q
A

Johne’s disease

power lecture

162
Q

johne’s disease is caused by

A

Mycobacterium avium ssp paratuberculosis

163
Q

why is Johne’s had to get rid of

A

most subclinical, can take 2-3 years for symptoms to start
* Mycobacterium avium ssp paratuberculosis

164
Q

clinical signs of Johne’s disease

A

Mycobacterium avium ssp paratuberculosis- acid fast + in macrophages on fecal scraping
* chronic granulomatous bowel disease- adult onset diarrhea and weight loss
* enlarged mesenteric lymphnodes
* PLE: albumin lost
* transmission: enters in utero or fecal oral route or colostrum: enters M cells in peyers patches, gets eaten by macrophages and spreads

165
Q
A

SCC has a heritable component

166
Q
A

mannheimia hemolytica bronchopneumonia- shipping fever

167
Q

what foodborne illness is associated with hemolytic uremia syndrome (HUS)

A

Ecoli O157:H7

168
Q
169
Q
A

before 125 days

170
Q
A

lateral rear

171
Q
172
Q

moldy sweet potato poisoning is caused by

A

ipomeanol toxin which is produced by sweet potatoes infected with Fusarium javanicum or F solani
* will destroy clara cells and type 1 pneumocytes
* respiratory disease followed by death in 2-5 days post exposure

173
Q
A

calf diphtheria

174
Q
175
Q
A

actinomycosis

176
Q
177
Q
A

cerebellar hypoplasia

178
Q
179
Q
A

30-35 days- positive sign of pregnancy

180
Q
182
Q
A

enzootic pneumonia

183
Q
A

serologic testing for brucellosis

184
Q
A

mineral oil

185
Q
A

vaccinate all calves against BRSV

186
Q
A

stool from all cattle

187
Q
A

tricuspid valve endocarditis

188
Q
A

treat all animals with tetracycline to eliminate carries and regularly vaccinate all cattle against this serovar

189
Q
A

Tritrichomonas foetus

190
Q

campylobacter will cause — abortion in cattle

A

early embroyonic death

191
Q

brucella will cause — abortion in cattle

A

later term

192
Q

Lepto will cause — abortion in cattle

A

mid to late gestation
- will not have post coital pyometras

195
Q
A

sexually transmitted disease/parasite
bulls spread disease

infection with the protozoan Tritrichomonas foetus, an obligate venereal pathogen

197
Q
A

mycoplasma bovis

198
Q
A

hardware disease

206
Q

White muscle disease occurs in certain areas of North America due to deficiencies in —

A

vitamin E and/or selenium
* poor hay
* more common in young animals
* cardiac form: sudden, death, nasal discharge, respiratory distress
* skeletal muscle: slower onset, muscle weakness or stiffness, recumbency, respiratory difficulty, dysphagia, lethargy

207
Q
A

Hyponatremia, hypochloremia, hyperphosphatemia

225
Q

— is also lumpy jaw in cows

A

actinomyces bovis
* bony mandible- hard non painful swelling
* treatment: sodium iodine, antimicrobials - stops growth but does not reverse it

227
Q

what 3 pathogens can cause contagious mastitis?

A
  • Step agalactiae and Staphylococcus aureus are the major contagious mastitis pathogens.
  • Corynebacterium bovis is a minor contagious pathogen with a lesser impact.
  • Mycoplasma sp. are carried in sites other than the mammary gland, but once they gain access to the mammary gland they become highly contagious.
232
Q

low — leads to polioencephalomalacia

235
Q

Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK), caused by — is the classical cause of pinkeye in cattle.

A

Moraxella bovis

236
Q

How to treat infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis

A
  • oxytetracycline
  • fix environment: less UV, control flies
    cause by Moraxella bovis
251
Q
A

more alkalotic

257
Q
A

calf diphtheria

259
Q

abortion from herpesvirus in cows causes

A
  • abortions throughout pregnanyc
  • autolyzed with foci of necrosis in the liver and no gross lesions
  • Bovine herpes= IBR (infectious bovin rhinotrachetitis virus)
  • will have respiratory disease in mom
260
Q
266
Q
A

diarrhea causes loss of Bicarb= net loss of base and thus a drop in pH= met acisosis

269
Q

mycoplasma bovis causes — in young cows and — in adult cows

A
  • very young cows (4-8 wk): ostitis media with aural discharge, head tilt, nystagmus, ataxia, facial nerve paralysis
  • adult: arthritis, mastitis, abortion
271
Q

fibrinous pleuropneumonia is also called

A

shipping fever

272
Q

enzootic pneumonia is caused by — in — cows

A

Pasteruella multocida (poor sanitation and ventilation)
young (1-6 m)

273
Q

acute bovine pulmonary edema and emphysema is caused by —

A

lush pasture tryptophan converted into 3-methylindole a pneumotoxic compound

  • also called fog fever
274
Q

actinomyces bovis is a — that causes —

A

gram + branching rod
lumpy jaw

  • can treat with sodium iodide
275
Q

red water disease in cows is also called — and is caused by —

A

bacillary hemoglobinuria caused by Clostridium novyi type D

  • can treat with penicillin
  • vaccinnate for C novyi
  • prevent flukes whos migration in the liver cause damage and anaerobic areas that C novyi can grow and produce hemotoxins
283
Q

urine abdomen what happens to electrolytes

A
  • urine has high Phos and K, will get reabsorded into the blood= hyperphosphatemia and hyperkalemia
  • Na and Cl will move from the blood into the urine= hyponatremia and hypochloremia
284
Q
A

calf diphtheria

292
Q

what plant causes hemorrhagic syndrome in cattle

A

bracken fern

293
Q

what plant causes birth defects

294
Q

what plant causes GI and renal dysfuncion in cattle

298
Q

explain why to give gonadotropin releasing hormone followed by prostaglandin in 15 days to a cow in anestrus with a 3cm cystic structure on the ovary

A

aimed at resolving ovarian cysts and synchronizing estrus.

Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH): Action on the Ovary:

  • GnRH stimulates the release of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from the anterior pituitary.
  • This induces one of two possible outcomes for the cystic structure:
  • If the cyst is a follicular cyst (a fluid-filled, non-ovulatory follicle), the LH surge can either: Trigger ovulation of the cyst if it is still capable of ovulating. Luteinize the cyst, transforming it into a corpus luteum (CL), which produces progesterone and stabilizes the hormonal environment.
  • If the cyst is a luteal cyst (a partially luteinized cyst), GnRH helps maintain luteinization, ensuring the cyst regresses normally.

Effect on Anestrus:
GnRH resets the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis, promoting a new follicular wave and preparing the cow for synchronization.

Prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) 15 Days Later
Action on the Corpus Luteum (CL):

  • If the cyst was luteinized by the GnRH, PGF2α induces luteolysis, breaking down the CL and reducing progesterone levels.

Effect on Estrous Cycle:

  • With the CL regressed and progesterone levels falling, the cow enters proestrus, allowing follicular growth and estrogen production.
  • Estrus and ovulation typically follow within 2-5 days, depending on the stage of the follicular wave.
300
Q
A

Orf (contagious ecthyma) in sheep typically resolves on its own within 2-4 weeks, but supportive care is essential to manage symptoms, prevent secondary infections, and reduce suffering.

  • parapoxvirus
  • It is a zoonotic virus that primarily affects sheep and goats
  • other species (horses, cattle, pigs) are generally unaffected
301
Q
A

primary photosensitization

  • lush clover, buckwheat, and ryegrass—all of which are known to contain photodynamic agents (such as furocoumarins).
  • Droopy ears, squinting, and rubbing their heads on objects are consistent with irritation and pain caused by photosensitization.
  • Edema, erythema, exudate, and matting of hair, especially on areas with less pigmentation (ears, eyelids, lips), are hallmark signs of photosensitization.
  • Animals with white faces are more severely affected because depigmented skin is more prone to damage by UV light.

20 Navle (13 decks)

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