osteoporosis an sepsis

Question 1

difference in Osteomalacia, Osteomyelitis, Osteoarthritus, Osteoporosis

Answer 1

malacia - loss of bone mineral
myelitis - infection of bone (bacterial)
arthritis - disease of joints
Porosis- loss of entire bone substance

Question 2

what causes fractures of non-traumatic origin

Answer 2

osteoporosis

Question 3

What is the WHO BMD score

Answer 3

at least 2.5 SD’s

Question 4

what is a T score vs a Z score

Answer 4

T = BMD
Z = age matched score

Question 5

How is BMD measured

Answer 5

Dual energy X ray Absorptiometry (DEXA)

Question 6

what bones are used in DEXA

Answer 6

lower spine and hips

Question 7

why do you want to avoid steroids

Answer 7

osteoporosis

Question 8

what are osteoblasts

Answer 8

bone forming cells

Question 9

what are osteoprogenitors

Answer 9

pre cursers to osteoblasts

Question 10

what are osteocytes

Answer 10

entrapped within matrix that they put down as osteoblasts

Question 11

what is an osteoid

Answer 11

un mineralised matrix

Question 12

who mineralises the osteoid

Answer 12

osteoblasts

Question 13

what are marrow cells

Answer 13

osteoclast progenitor cells

Question 14

what are osteoclasts

Answer 14

large multinucleate cells and they re-absorb bone

Question 15

difference in bone modelling and bone remodelling

Answer 15

modelling is growing bone in early life and remodelling is maintaining the skeleton

Question 16

what does oestrogen do on osteoclast do

Answer 16

it suppresses the little shits )increases apoptosis of osteoclasts)
and suppresses osteoclast differentiation

Question 17

what do osteoblasts produce under oestrogen

Answer 17

IGF1

TGFB(beta)

Question 18

what does oestrogen do for osteoblasts

Answer 18

regulates proliferation

Question 19

how do osteoclasts and osteoblasts blasts chat

Answer 19

IL6 and RANK/RANKL

Question 20

where are the oestrogen receptors on the osteoclasts

Answer 20

on the nucleus

Question 21

what is more important in bone regulation in men Testosterone vs oestrogen

Answer 21

Oestrogen

Question 22

Ca+ down
PTH up
what happens next

Answer 22

vit D3 production in skin transformed in liver from 25 OH to 1,25D and this promotes calcium resorption through the gut

Question 23

what happens with steroids (corticosteroids)

Answer 23

reduces calcium absorption of the gut
bone loss due to action on osteoblasts
reduces number and activity

Question 24

What is sepsis triggered by

Answer 24

infection

Question 25

what are the warning signs of sepsis

Answer 25

• Fever • Rapid or difficult breathing • Elevated heart rate • New disorientation, confusion or drowsiness • Severe muscle or joint pains • Passing no urine • A sense of impending doom • Skin rash, mottled or discoloured • Poor feeding (in infants and children)

Question 26

How to confirm (diagnose) sepsis

Answer 26

Blood cultures most common sample in sepsis as often do not know infection site

Question 27

how to improve patient outcome in sepsis

Answer 27

early treatment

Question 28

is MRSA usually associated with sepsis

Answer 28

no

Question 29

what bug is normally associated with sepsis

Answer 29

staphococclyous areus

Question 30

Hello ginger

Answer 30

hello

Question 31

Hello Sharon

Answer 31

CHICKEN FEET ARE YUMMY