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Sem 1 Case 8 > Case 8 > Flashcards

Case 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

The main hormone responsible for calcium homeostasis

A

PTH

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2
Q

PTH In the bones it binds to osteoblasts and stimulates them to increase their expression of

A

RANKL

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3
Q

what do the kidneys upregulate the hydroxylation of

A

Vitamin D

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4
Q

What does vitamin D inhibit on the parathyroid cells

A

Transcription of PTH gene thus negative feedback

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5
Q

what are the 3 things that regulated the conc of calcium in the blood

A

PTH, Calcitonin and Vit D

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6
Q

How many bones in the human skeleton

A

206

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7
Q

what are the type of bones in the body

A 
Long bones
Short bones
Flat bones
Irregular bones 
Sesamoid bones
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8
Q

what are the 3 things a long bone consists of

A

Diaphysis
Epiphysis
Metaphysis

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9
Q

What is the basic functional unit of a compact bone

A

osteon

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10
Q

Where is red bone marrow found

A

between trabeculae of spongy bone

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11
Q

What is red bone marrow responsible for

A

blood cell formation

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12
Q

What is the periosteum

A

layer over compact bone that covers all surface and protects the bone

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13
Q

where is the endosteum found

A

lines the marrow cavity

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14
Q

what do the collagen fibres provide

A

an organic framework on which hydroxyapatite crystals can form

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15
Q

what are the 4 cells of the bone

A

Osteoblasts
Oestoclasts
Osteocytes
osteoprogenitor cells

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16
Q

what do osteoclasts do

A

bone resorption

17
Q

how do osteoclasts do their thing and what is the process called

A

osteoclast membrane secretes enzymes and acids which dissolve the matrix and release the stored minerals into the blood stream
Osteolysis

18
Q

how are osteoclasts activated

A

RANK receptors on the surface membrane
RANKL binds to the RANK
this creates intracellular signalling and makes them differentiate

19
Q

Where does RANKL come from

A

osteoblasts

20
Q

what does over expression of RANKL cause

A

osteoporosis

21
Q

Who does the RANKL travel (what through)

A

canailcuils

22
Q

what do osteoblasts secrete in an unmineralised bone matrix

A

IGF-1 and TGF-B(beata)

23
Q

What is formed in a bone fracture

A

Haematoma formation

24
Q

What is a Haematoma

A

large blood clot

25
Q

What are the 4 steps of a fracture in healing

A

1) Haematoma Formation
2) Fibrocartilaginous callus
3) Bony Callus formation
4) Bone remodelling

26
Q

what are the 3 phases of wound healing

A

1) inflammatory phase
2) Proliferation phase
3) Maturation phase

27
Q

what cell rebuilds skin

A

fibroblast

28
Q

what is S.aureus

A

gram positive bacterium

29
Q

what colour do Gram positive bacterium go and why

A

Violet due to the thick layer of peptidoglycan

30
Q

what colour do gram negative go and why

A

red as the thin peptidoglycan layer doesn’t retain the Cristal violet stain

31
Q

what is the hayflick limit

A

cells wear out with age

32
Q

what is there a very high level of and why

A

FSH and due to the decreased levels in oestrogen

33
Q

T and Z score explain

A

T score is the patients BMD compared to a young healthy control
Z score is the patients BMD compared to an age-matched control

34
Q

what is osteogenesis

A

Type III collagen to type I

35
Q

what does oestrogen do to osteoclasts and osteoblasts

A

Osteoblasts increases osteogenesis and stimulates the release of the growth factors IGF-1 and TGFB(beta)
In osteoclasts it increases apoptosis

36
Q

what does a glucocorticoid induced osteoporosis have on osteoclasts and blasts

A

Osteoblasts increases apoptosis

Osteoclasts it increases RANKL expression

37
Q

what percentage of calcium is in the skeleton

A

99%

38
Q

function of calcium

A

structure of bones

muscular contraction Ca2+

39
Q

what is Bendrofluazide do

A

reduces the uptake of water by blocking Na?K pumps in the ascending loop of henle and used to treat hypertension by remedying the amount of water the heart has to pump

Sem 1 Case 8 (5 decks)

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