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CBS602 UL I: Shoulder, Arm and Elbow > Osteology of the Shoulder, Arm & Elbow > Flashcards

Osteology of the Shoulder, Arm & Elbow Flashcards

1
Q

Which joints are found in the shoulder?

A

Acromioclavicular and glenohumeral joints

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2
Q

What bones make up the shoulder girdle?

A

Clavicle and Scapula

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3
Q

What is the main bone in the arm?

A

Humerus

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4
Q

Name the joints found in the elbow

A

Humeroulnar, humeroradial, and proximal radioulnar joints

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5
Q

What bones are in the forearm?

A

Radius and Ulna

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6
Q

Which bones make up the wrist?

A

Carpal bones

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7
Q

What joints are found in the wrist?

A

Distal radioulnar, radiocarpal, and intercarpal joints

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8
Q

What bones are in the hand?

A

Metacarpals and phalanges

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9
Q

Name the joints found in the hand.

A

Carpometacarpal, intercarpal, metacarpophalangeal (MCP), and interphalangeal (IP) joints

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10
Q

What is a common fracture site in the upper limb that connects it to the axial skeleton?

A

The clavicle.

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11
Q

What is the function of the clavicle in relation to the upper limb’s range of motion (ROM)?

A

A: It acts as a strut, increasing the range of motion of the upper limb.

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12
Q

Describe the shape of the clavicle.

A

The clavicle is S-shaped.

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13
Q

How is the medial two-thirds of the clavicle shaped?

A

convex anteriorly.

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14
Q

How is the lateral one-third of the clavicle shaped?

A

concave anteriorly.

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15
Q

How is the lateral end of the clavicle described?

A

The lateral end of the clavicle is flat.

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16
Q

How is the medial end of the clavicle described?

A

The medial end of the clavicle is quadrangular.

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17
Q

What joint is formed by the sternal end of the clavicle?

A

the sternoclavicular joint.

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18
Q

What joint is formed by the acromial end of the clavicle?

A

the acromioclavicular joint.

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19
Q

What is the costal tuberosity, and where is it located?

A

Located near the sternal end. Attachment site for the costoclavicular ligament

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20
Q

What is the subclavian groove, and what attaches there?

A

Runs along the middle part of the clavicle. Attachment site for the subclavius muscle

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21
Q

Where is the conoid tubercle found, and what ligament attaches there?

A

Found near the acromial end - Attachment point for the conoid ligament (part of the coracoclavicular ligament)

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22
Q

What is the trapezoid line, and what attaches to it?

A

Oblique ridge extending from the conoid tubercle. Attachment site for the trapezoid ligament (part of the coracoclavicular ligament)

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23
Q

What shape is the scapula?

A

triangular in shape.

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24
Q

How many borders does the scapula have? Name them.

A

the superior, medial (vertebral), and lateral (axillary) borders.

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25
How many angles does the scapula have? Name them.
The scapula has two main angles: the superior and inferior angles
26
Where is the scapula located in relation to the thoracic wall?
The scapula lies on the posterior thoracic wall.
27
Which ribs does the scapula span on the posterior thoracic wall?
The scapula spans ribs 2 to 7.
28
What is the mobility characteristic of the scapula?
The scapula is highly mobile, allowing for a wide range of movements of the upper limb.
29
Why is the scapula considered important for muscle attachments?
The scapula has numerous muscle attachment sites, allowing for the attachment of various muscles that control upper limb movement.
30
What group of muscles attaches to the scapula to connect it to the axial skeleton?
The posterior axioappendicular muscles attach to the scapula and connect it to the axial skeleton.
31
Which group of muscles attaches to the scapula and controls the movement of the humerus?
The scapulohumeral muscles attach to the scapula and control the movement of the humerus.
32
What is the subscapular fossa, and where is it located?
A large concave depression on the anterior (costal) surface. Provides attachment for subscapularis
33
What is the spine of scapula, and what does it divide?
A prominent ridge on the posterior (dorsal) surface: Divides the scapula into the supraspinous fossa and infraspinous fossa
34
Where is the supraspinous fossa located, and what attaches there?
Above the spine of the scapula: Attachment site for the supraspinatus muscle
35
Where is the infraspinous fossa located, and what attaches there?
Below the spine of the scapula Attachment site for the infraspinatus muscle
36
What is the glenoid cavity, and what is its function?
A shallow socket on the lateral surface: Articulates with the head of the humerus to form the shoulder joint
37
What is the acromion, and what muscles attach to it?
An extension of the spine forming the highest point of the shoulder: Attachment site for the deltoid and trapezius muscles
38
What is the coracoid process, and what attaches there?
Hook-like projection on the lateral surface: Attachment point for the pectoralis minor, coracobrachialis, and the short head of the biceps brachii
39
What is the role of the scapula in connecting the arm to the trunk?
Connects the humerus to the clavicle, forms part of the shoulder joint
40
How does the scapula contribute to the shoulder joint?
Forms the back part of the socket (glenoid cavity) for the humerus
41
How many muscles attach to the scapula, and why is this important?
17 muscles attach to the scapula. Crucial for shoulder stability and movement
42
What types of shoulder movements does the scapula facilitate?
Elevation, depression, protraction, retraction, and rotation
43
How does the scapula protect the thoracic region?
Acts as a shield for the upper back and chest. Absorbs impacts and provides structural support
44
What is the largest bone in the upper limb?
The humerus
45
Which joint does the proximal humerus form?
The glenohumeral joint (shoulder joint).
46
Which joint does the distal end of the humerus form?
The elbow joint.
47
How many necks does the proximal humerus have?
Two necks: the anatomical neck and the surgical neck.
48
What is the clinical importance of the surgical neck of the humerus?
The surgical neck is a common site for fractures.
49
What are the two tubercles found on the proximal humerus?
The greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle.
50
Where is the greater tubercle of the humerus located?
The greater tubercle is located laterally on the proximal humerus
51
Where is the lesser tubercle of the humerus located?
The lesser tubercle is located more anteriorly on the proximal humerus.
52
Which part of the distal humerus articulates with the ulna at the elbow joint?
The trochlea.
53
Which part of the distal humerus articulates with the radius at the elbow joint?
The capitulum.
54
What are the epicondyles of the distal humerus, and why are they important?
The medial and lateral epicondyles, which are important sites for muscle attachment.
55
What are the supracondylar ridges, and what is their significance?
The medial and lateral supracondylar ridges, which also serve as sites for muscle attachment.
56
What is the role of the fossae in the distal humerus?
The fossae (coronoid, radial, and olecranon fossae) accommodate the radius and ulna during flexion and extension of the elbow.
57
Where is the coronoid fossa located, and what is its function?
A: The coronoid fossa is located on the anterior surface of the distal humerus and accommodates the coronoid process of the ulna during elbow flexion.
58
Where is the olecranon fossa located, and what is its function?
The olecranon fossa is located on the posterior surface of the distal humerus and accommodates the olecranon process of the ulna during elbow extension.
59
Where is the radial fossa located, and what is its function?
The radial fossa is located anteriorly above the capitulum and accommodates the head of the radius during elbow flexion.
60
What is the main function of the proximal radius in the forearm?
The proximal radius participates in elbow flexion and forearm rotation (supination and pronation).
61
What is the primary articulation of the head of the radius?
The head of the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna.
62
What is the role of the radial tuberosity?
The radial tuberosity serves as the attachment site for the biceps brachii muscle.
63
What is the main function of the proximal ulna in the forearm?
The proximal ulna is primarily involved in forming the hinge joint of the elbow and stabilizing the forearm.
64
Which part of the proximal ulna articulates with the trochlea of the humerus?
The trochlear notch of the ulna articulates with the trochlea of the humerus.
65
What is the olecranon process, and what is its function?
The olecranon process is the bony prominence at the back of the elbow, which serves as an attachment site for the triceps brachii and prevents hyperextension.
66
What is the coronoid process of the ulna, and what is its function?
The coronoid process is a projection on the anterior side of the ulna, which helps stabilize the elbow joint during flexion.
67
What is the radial notch, and what is its significance?
The radial notch is a depression on the ulna where the head of the radius articulates, allowing for supination and pronation of the forearm
68
Which nerve is at risk in fractures of the surgical neck of the humerus?
The axillary nerve.
69
What muscle may be affected by a surgical neck fracture of the humerus, leading to weakness or paralysis?
The deltoid muscle.
70
What sensory loss might occur with axillary nerve damage in a surgical neck fracture?
Reduced sensation over the "regimental badge" area (the lateral aspect of the shoulder).
71
Which nerve is at risk in mid-shaft fractures of the humerus?
The radial nerve.
72
What motor impairment occurs with radial nerve injury in a mid-shaft humeral fracture?
Weakness or paralysis of the wrist extensors (leading to wrist drop).
73
What sensory loss might occur with radial nerve damage in a mid-shaft fracture of the humerus?
Reduced sensation in the skin supplied by the radial nerve (e.g., the posterior forearm and hand).
74
Which nerve is at risk in fractures of the distal humerus?
The median nerve.
75
What nerve is at risk in fractures involving the medial epicondyle of the humerus?
The ulnar nerve.
76
What clinical symptoms would suggest ulnar nerve damage due to a medial epicondyle fracture?
Weakness in hand muscles and reduced sensation in the little finger and half of the ring finger (ulnar side of the hand).

CBS602 UL I: Shoulder, Arm and Elbow (4 decks)

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