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CBS602 UL I: Shoulder, Arm and Elbow > Osteology of the Shoulder, Arm & Elbow > Flashcards

Osteology of the Shoulder, Arm & Elbow Flashcards

1
Q

Which joints are found in the shoulder?

A

Acromioclavicular and glenohumeral joints

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2
Q

What bones make up the shoulder girdle?

A

Clavicle and Scapula

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3
Q

What is the main bone in the arm?

A

Humerus

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4
Q

Name the joints found in the elbow

A

Humeroulnar, humeroradial, and proximal radioulnar joints

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5
Q

What bones are in the forearm?

A

Radius and Ulna

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6
Q

Which bones make up the wrist?

A

Carpal bones

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7
Q

What joints are found in the wrist?

A

Distal radioulnar, radiocarpal, and intercarpal joints

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8
Q

What bones are in the hand?

A

Metacarpals and phalanges

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9
Q

Name the joints found in the hand.

A

Carpometacarpal, intercarpal, metacarpophalangeal (MCP), and interphalangeal (IP) joints

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10
Q

What is a common fracture site in the upper limb that connects it to the axial skeleton?

A

The clavicle.

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11
Q

What is the function of the clavicle in relation to the upper limb’s range of motion (ROM)?

A

A: It acts as a strut, increasing the range of motion of the upper limb.

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12
Q

Describe the shape of the clavicle.

A

The clavicle is S-shaped.

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13
Q

How is the medial two-thirds of the clavicle shaped?

A

convex anteriorly.

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14
Q

How is the lateral one-third of the clavicle shaped?

A

concave anteriorly.

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15
Q

How is the lateral end of the clavicle described?

A

The lateral end of the clavicle is flat.

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16
Q

How is the medial end of the clavicle described?

A

The medial end of the clavicle is quadrangular.

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17
Q

What joint is formed by the sternal end of the clavicle?

A

the sternoclavicular joint.

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18
Q

What joint is formed by the acromial end of the clavicle?

A

the acromioclavicular joint.

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19
Q

What is the costal tuberosity, and where is it located?

A

Located near the sternal end. Attachment site for the costoclavicular ligament

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20
Q

What is the subclavian groove, and what attaches there?

A

Runs along the middle part of the clavicle. Attachment site for the subclavius muscle

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21
Q

Where is the conoid tubercle found, and what ligament attaches there?

A

Found near the acromial end - Attachment point for the conoid ligament (part of the coracoclavicular ligament)

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22
Q

What is the trapezoid line, and what attaches to it?

A

Oblique ridge extending from the conoid tubercle. Attachment site for the trapezoid ligament (part of the coracoclavicular ligament)

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23
Q

What shape is the scapula?

A

triangular in shape.

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24
Q

How many borders does the scapula have? Name them.

A

the superior, medial (vertebral), and lateral (axillary) borders.

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25
Q

How many angles does the scapula have? Name them.

A

The scapula has two main angles: the superior and inferior angles

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26
Q

Where is the scapula located in relation to the thoracic wall?

A

The scapula lies on the posterior thoracic wall.

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27
Q

Which ribs does the scapula span on the posterior thoracic wall?

A

The scapula spans ribs 2 to 7.

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28
Q

What is the mobility characteristic of the scapula?

A

The scapula is highly mobile, allowing for a wide range of movements of the upper limb.

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29
Q

Why is the scapula considered important for muscle attachments?

A

The scapula has numerous muscle attachment sites, allowing for the attachment of various muscles that control upper limb movement.

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30
Q

What group of muscles attaches to the scapula to connect it to the axial skeleton?

A

The posterior axioappendicular muscles attach to the scapula and connect it to the axial skeleton.

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31
Q

Which group of muscles attaches to the scapula and controls the movement of the humerus?

A

The scapulohumeral muscles attach to the scapula and control the movement of the humerus.

32
Q

What is the subscapular fossa, and where is it located?

A

A large concave depression on the anterior (costal) surface. Provides attachment for subscapularis

33
Q

What is the spine of scapula, and what does it divide?

A

A prominent ridge on the posterior (dorsal) surface: Divides the scapula into the supraspinous fossa and infraspinous fossa

34
Q

Where is the supraspinous fossa located, and what attaches there?

A

Above the spine of the scapula:
Attachment site for the supraspinatus muscle

35
Q

Where is the infraspinous fossa located, and what attaches there?

A

Below the spine of the scapula
Attachment site for the infraspinatus muscle

36
Q

What is the glenoid cavity, and what is its function?

A

A shallow socket on the lateral surface:
Articulates with the head of the humerus to form the shoulder joint

37
Q

What is the acromion, and what muscles attach to it?

A

An extension of the spine forming the highest point of the shoulder:
Attachment site for the deltoid and trapezius muscles

38
Q

What is the coracoid process, and what attaches there?

A

Hook-like projection on the lateral surface: Attachment point for the pectoralis minor, coracobrachialis, and the short head of the biceps brachii

39
Q

What is the role of the scapula in connecting the arm to the trunk?

A

Connects the humerus to the clavicle, forms part of the shoulder joint

40
Q

How does the scapula contribute to the shoulder joint?

A

Forms the back part of the socket (glenoid cavity) for the humerus

41
Q

How many muscles attach to the scapula, and why is this important?

A

17 muscles attach to the scapula.
Crucial for shoulder stability and movement

42
Q

What types of shoulder movements does the scapula facilitate?

A

Elevation, depression, protraction, retraction, and rotation

43
Q

How does the scapula protect the thoracic region?

A

Acts as a shield for the upper back and chest. Absorbs impacts and provides structural support

44
Q

What is the largest bone in the upper limb?

A

The humerus

45
Q

Which joint does the proximal humerus form?

A

The glenohumeral joint (shoulder joint).

46
Q

Which joint does the distal end of the humerus form?

A

The elbow joint.

47
Q

How many necks does the proximal humerus have?

A

Two necks: the anatomical neck and the surgical neck.

48
Q

What is the clinical importance of the surgical neck of the humerus?

A

The surgical neck is a common site for fractures.

49
Q

What are the two tubercles found on the proximal humerus?

A

The greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle.

50
Q

Where is the greater tubercle of the humerus located?

A

The greater tubercle is located laterally on the proximal humerus

51
Q

Where is the lesser tubercle of the humerus located?

A

The lesser tubercle is located more anteriorly on the proximal humerus.

52
Q

Which part of the distal humerus articulates with the ulna at the elbow joint?

A

The trochlea.

53
Q

Which part of the distal humerus articulates with the radius at the elbow joint?

A

The capitulum.

54
Q

What are the epicondyles of the distal humerus, and why are they important?

A

The medial and lateral epicondyles, which are important sites for muscle attachment.

55
Q

What are the supracondylar ridges, and what is their significance?

A

The medial and lateral supracondylar ridges, which also serve as sites for muscle attachment.

56
Q

What is the role of the fossae in the distal humerus?

A

The fossae (coronoid, radial, and olecranon fossae) accommodate the radius and ulna during flexion and extension of the elbow.

57
Q

Where is the coronoid fossa located, and what is its function?

A

A: The coronoid fossa is located on the anterior surface of the distal humerus and accommodates the coronoid process of the ulna during elbow flexion.

58
Q

Where is the olecranon fossa located, and what is its function?

A

The olecranon fossa is located on the posterior surface of the distal humerus and accommodates the olecranon process of the ulna during elbow extension.

59
Q

Where is the radial fossa located, and what is its function?

A

The radial fossa is located anteriorly above the capitulum and accommodates the head of the radius during elbow flexion.

60
Q

What is the main function of the proximal radius in the forearm?

A

The proximal radius participates in elbow flexion and forearm rotation (supination and pronation).

61
Q

What is the primary articulation of the head of the radius?

A

The head of the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna.

62
Q

What is the role of the radial tuberosity?

A

The radial tuberosity serves as the attachment site for the biceps brachii muscle.

63
Q

What is the main function of the proximal ulna in the forearm?

A

The proximal ulna is primarily involved in forming the hinge joint of the elbow and stabilizing the forearm.

64
Q

Which part of the proximal ulna articulates with the trochlea of the humerus?

A

The trochlear notch of the ulna articulates with the trochlea of the humerus.

65
Q

What is the olecranon process, and what is its function?

A

The olecranon process is the bony prominence at the back of the elbow, which serves as an attachment site for the triceps brachii and prevents hyperextension.

66
Q

What is the coronoid process of the ulna, and what is its function?

A

The coronoid process is a projection on the anterior side of the ulna, which helps stabilize the elbow joint during flexion.

67
Q

What is the radial notch, and what is its significance?

A

The radial notch is a depression on the ulna where the head of the radius articulates, allowing for supination and pronation of the forearm

68
Q

Which nerve is at risk in fractures of the surgical neck of the humerus?

A

The axillary nerve.

69
Q

What muscle may be affected by a surgical neck fracture of the humerus, leading to weakness or paralysis?

A

The deltoid muscle.

70
Q

What sensory loss might occur with axillary nerve damage in a surgical neck fracture?

A

Reduced sensation over the “regimental badge” area (the lateral aspect of the shoulder).

71
Q

Which nerve is at risk in mid-shaft fractures of the humerus?

A

The radial nerve.

72
Q

What motor impairment occurs with radial nerve injury in a mid-shaft humeral fracture?

A

Weakness or paralysis of the wrist extensors (leading to wrist drop).

73
Q

What sensory loss might occur with radial nerve damage in a mid-shaft fracture of the humerus?

A

Reduced sensation in the skin supplied by the radial nerve (e.g., the posterior forearm and hand).

74
Q

Which nerve is at risk in fractures of the distal humerus?

A

The median nerve.

75
Q

What nerve is at risk in fractures involving the medial epicondyle of the humerus?

A

The ulnar nerve.

76
Q

What clinical symptoms would suggest ulnar nerve damage due to a medial epicondyle fracture?

A

Weakness in hand muscles and reduced sensation in the little finger and half of the ring finger (ulnar side of the hand).

CBS602 UL I: Shoulder, Arm and Elbow (4 decks)

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