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CBS602 UL I: Shoulder, Arm and Elbow > Muscles of the Shoulder, Arm & Elbow Dr Nick Renwick Arm & Elbow > Flashcards

Muscles of the Shoulder, Arm & Elbow Dr Nick Renwick Arm & Elbow Flashcards

1
Q

What are the primary movements of the scapula?

A

Elevation, depression, protraction, retraction, upward rotation, and downward rotation.

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2
Q

Which muscles are involved in scapular elevation?

A

Trapezius (upper fibers), levator scapulae.

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3
Q

Which muscles are responsible for scapular depression?

A

Trapezius (lower fibers), pectoralis minor.

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4
Q

What muscles contribute to scapular protraction?

A

Serratus anterior, pectoralis minor

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5
Q

Which muscles perform scapular retraction?

A

Rhomboids, trapezius (middle fibers).

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6
Q

What muscles are involved in upward rotation of the scapula?

A

Trapezius (upper and lower fibers), serratus anterior.

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7
Q

What muscles perform downward rotation of the scapula?

A

Rhomboids, levator scapulae, pectoralis minor.

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8
Q

What are the primary movements of the glenohumeral joint?

A

Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, internal (medial) rotation, external (lateral) rotation, and circumduction.

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9
Q

Which muscles are responsible for shoulder flexion?

A

Anterior deltoid, pectoralis major (clavicular head), biceps brachii, coracobrachialis.

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10
Q

What muscles perform shoulder extension?

A

Posterior deltoid, latissimus dorsi, teres major, triceps brachii (long head).

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11
Q

Which muscles contribute to shoulder abduction?

A

Supraspinatus (initial 15°), deltoid (after 15°).

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12
Q

What muscles are responsible for shoulder adduction?

A

Pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, teres major.

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13
Q

Which muscles perform internal (medial) rotation of the shoulder?

A

Subscapularis, pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, teres major, anterior deltoid.

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14
Q

What muscles contribute to external (lateral) rotation of the shoulder?

A

Infraspinatus, teres minor, posterior deltoid.

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15
Q

What are the main movements of the elbow joint?

A

Flexion and extension.

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16
Q

Which muscles are responsible for elbow flexion?

A

Biceps brachii, brachialis, brachioradialis.

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17
Q

What muscles perform elbow extension?

A

Triceps brachii, anconeus.

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18
Q

What are the movements of the proximal radioulnar joint associated with the elbow?

A

Pronation and supination.

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19
Q

Which muscles are responsible for forearm pronation?

A

Pronator teres, pronator quadratus.

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20
Q

What muscles perform forearm supination?

A

Biceps brachii, supinator.

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21
Q

What are the four muscles of the anterior axioappendicular group?

A

Pectoralis Major, Pectoralis Minor, Subclavius, Serratus Anterior.

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22
Q

Which muscles are part of the posterior axioappendicular group?

A

Trapezius, Latissimus Dorsi, Levator Scapulae, Rhomboid Minor, Rhomboid Major.

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23
Q

What muscles make up the rotator cuff?

A

Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres Minor, Subscapularis.

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24
Q

Which two scapulohumeral muscles are not part of the rotator cuff?

A

Teres Major, Deltoid.

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25
Q

What are the muscles in the anterior compartment of the arm?

A

Biceps Brachii, Coracobrachialis, Brachialis.

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26
Q

Which muscles are found in the posterior compartment of the arm?

A

Triceps Brachii, Anconeus.

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27
Q

What are the origins of the pectoralis major muscle?

A

The medial half of the clavicle (clavicular head), sternum, superior six costal cartilages, and the aponeurosis of external oblique (sternocostal head)

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28
Q

Where does the pectoralis major insert?

A

Into the lateral lip of the intertubercular sulcus of the humerus.

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29
Q

What are the primary actions of the pectoralis major?

A

Adduction and medial rotation of the shoulder joint. The clavicular head alone flexes the shoulder joint, and the sternocostal head extends the flexed shoulder joint.

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30
Q

What nerves innervate the pectoralis major?

A

The lateral and medial pectoral nerves.

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31
Q

What is the origin of the pectoralis minor muscle?

A

The anterior surface of the 3rd to 5th ribs.

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32
Q

Where does the pectoralis minor insert?

A

Into the coracoid process of the scapula.

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33
Q

What is the primary action of the pectoralis minor?

A

It stabilizes the scapula by drawing it anteroinferiorly (forward and downward).

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34
Q

What nerve innervates the pectoralis minor?

A

The medial pectoral nerve.

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35
Q

What is the origin of the subclavius muscle?

A

The junction of the 1st rib and its costal cartilage.

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36
Q

Where does the subclavius insert?

A

Subclavian groove of the clavicle

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37
Q

What are the primary actions of the subclavius muscle?

A

It stabilizes and depresses the clavicle.

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38
Q

What nerve innervates the subclavius?

A

The nerve to subclavius.

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39
Q

What is the origin of the serratus anterior muscle?

A

The anterior surfaces of ribs 1 to 8/9.

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40
Q

Where does the serratus anterior insert?

A

Into the medial border of the scapula.

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41
Q

What is the primary action of the serratus anterior?

A

It protracts the scapula and holds it against the thoracic wall.

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42
Q

What nerve innervates the serratus anterior?

A

The long thoracic nerve.

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43
Q

What is the origin of the trapezius muscle?

A

The superior nuchal line, external occipital protuberance, nuchal ligament, and the spinous processes of C7-T12.

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44
Q

Where does the trapezius insert?

A

Into the lateral third of the clavicle, acromion, and the spine of the scapula.

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45
Q

What are the primary actions of the trapezius?

A

Retraction of the scapula. The descending part elevates the scapula, and the ascending part depresses the scapula.

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46
Q

What is the innervation of the trapezius muscle?

A

The spinal accessory nerve (cranial nerve XI) and the C3 and C4 spinal nerves.

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47
Q

What is the origin of the latissimus dorsi muscle?

A

The spinous processes of T7-T12, thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, and the inferior 3-4 ribs.

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48
Q

Where does the latissimus dorsi insert?

A

Into the floor of the intertubercular sulcus of the humerus.

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49
Q

What are the primary actions of the latissimus dorsi?

A

It extends, adducts, and medially rotates the shoulder joint.

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50
Q

What nerve innervates the latissimus dorsi?

A

The thoracodorsal nerve.

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51
Q

What is the origin of the rhomboid minor muscle?

A

The nuchal ligament and spinous processes of C7-T1.

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52
Q

What is the origin of the rhomboid major muscle?

A

The nuchal ligament and spinous processes of C7-T1.

53
Q

Where does the rhomboid minor insert?

A

Into the medial border of the scapula at the level of the spine of the scapula.

54
Q

Where does the rhomboid major insert?

A

Into the medial border of the scapula at the level of the spine of the scapula.

55
Q

What are the primary actions of the rhomboids?

A

Retraction and downward rotation of the scapula.

56
Q

What nerve innervates the rhomboids?

A

The dorsal scapular nerve.

57
Q

What is the origin of the levator scapulae muscle?

A

The transverse processes of C1-C4 vertebrae.

58
Q

Where does the levator scapulae insert?

A

Into the medial border of the scapula, superior to the spine of the scapula.

59
Q

What are the primary actions of the levator scapulae?

A

Elevation and downward rotation of the scapula.

60
Q

What is the common action of all rotator cuff muscles?

A

They hold the humeral head in the glenoid cavity, providing stability to the shoulder joint.

61
Q

What is the origin of the infraspinatus muscle?

A

The infraspinous fossa of the scapula.

62
Q

Where does the infraspinatus muscle insert?

A

Into the greater tubercle of the humerus, at the middle facet.

63
Q

What is the primary action of the infraspinatus muscle?

A

Lateral rotation of the shoulder joint.

64
Q

What nerve innervates the infraspinatus?

A

The suprascapular nerve.

65
Q

What is the origin of the supraspinatus muscle?

A

The supraspinous fossa of the scapula.

66
Q

Where does the supraspinatus insert?

A

Into the greater tubercle of the humerus, at the superior facet.

67
Q

What is the primary action of the supraspinatus muscle?

A

It initiates abduction of the shoulder joint (first 15 degrees of abduction).

68
Q

What nerve innervates the supraspinatus?

A

The suprascapular nerve.

69
Q

What is the origin of the subscapularis muscle?

A

The subscapular fossa of the scapula.

70
Q

Where does the subscapularis insert?

A

Into the lesser tubercle of the humerus.

71
Q

What is the primary action of the subscapularis muscle?

A

Medial rotation of the shoulder joint.

72
Q

What nerves innervate the subscapularis muscle?

A

The upper and lower subscapular nerves.

73
Q

What is the origin of the teres major muscle?

A

The inferior part of the lateral border of the scapula and the inferior angle.

74
Q

Where does the teres major insert?

A

Into the medial lip of the intertubercular sulcus of the humerus.

75
Q

What are the primary actions of the teres major muscle?

A

Adduction and medial rotation of the shoulder joint.

76
Q

What nerve innervates the teres major muscle?

A

The lower subscapular nerve.

77
Q

What is the origin of the teres minor muscle?

A

The middle part of the lateral border of the scapula.

78
Q

Where does the teres minor insert?

A

Into the greater tubercle of the humerus, at the inferior facet.

79
Q

What is the primary action of the teres minor muscle?

A

Lateral rotation of the shoulder joint.

80
Q

What nerve innervates the teres minor muscle?

A

Axillary Nerve

81
Q

What is the origin of the deltoid muscle?

A

The lateral third of the clavicle (anterior part), the acromion (middle part), and the spine of the scapula (posterior part).

82
Q

Where does the deltoid muscle insert?

A

Into the deltoid tuberosity of the humerus.

83
Q

What is the primary action of the deltoid muscle?

A

Abduction of the shoulder joint.

84
Q

What nerve innervates the deltoid muscle?

A

The axillary nerve.

85
Q

What are the specific actions of the anterior, middle, and posterior parts of the deltoid muscle?

A

Anterior part: Flexes and medially rotates the shoulder joint.
Middle part: Abducts the shoulder joint.
Posterior part: Extends and laterally rotates the shoulder joint.

86
Q

What is the brachial fascia?

A

It is the deep fascia that encloses the muscles of the arm.

87
Q

With which fascia is the brachial fascia continuous?

A

It is continuous with the deep fascia of the forearm.

88
Q

What does the intermuscular septa of the brachial fascia divide the arm into?

A

It divides the arm into the anterior (flexor) compartment and the posterior (extensor) compartment.

89
Q

What is the innervation of the anterior compartment of the arm?

A

The musculocutaneous nerve.

90
Q

What is the innervation of the posterior compartment of the arm?

A

The radial nerve.

91
Q

What is the innervation of the posterior compartment of the arm?

A

The radial nerve.

92
Q

Why is the brachial fascia clinically important?

A

It is important for the spread of infection and haemorrhage within the arm.

93
Q

What is the origin of the long head of the biceps brachii?

A

The supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula.

94
Q

What is the origin of the short head of the biceps brachii?

A

The coracoid process of the scapula.

95
Q

Where does the biceps brachii insert?

A

Into the radial tuberosity and the fascia of the forearm via the bicipital aponeurosis.

96
Q

What are the actions of the biceps brachii at the shoulder joint?

A

Flexion of the shoulder joint.

97
Q

What are the actions of the biceps brachii at the elbow joint?

A

Supinates the forearm, and when already supinated, it flexes the elbow joint.

98
Q

What nerve innervates the biceps brachii?

A

The musculocutaneous nerve.

99
Q

What is the origin of the coracobrachialis muscle?

A

The coracoid process of the scapula.

100
Q

Where does the coracobrachialis insert?

A

Into the middle third of the medial humerus.

101
Q

What are the primary actions of the coracobrachialis muscle?

A

Flexion and adduction of the shoulder joint.

102
Q

What nerve innervates the coracobrachialis?

A

The musculocutaneous nerve.

103
Q

What nerve innervates the coracobrachialis?

A

The musculocutaneous nerve.

104
Q

What is the origin of the brachialis muscle?

A

The distal half of the anterior humerus.

105
Q

Where does the brachialis insert?

A

Into the ulnar tuberosity and the coronoid process of the ulna.

106
Q

What is the primary action of the brachialis muscle?

A

: Flexion of the elbow joint, regardless of whether the forearm is pronated or supinated

107
Q

What nerve innervates the brachialis muscle?

A

The musculocutaneous nerve.

108
Q

What is the origin of the long head of the triceps brachii?

A

The infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula.

109
Q

Where does the lateral head of the triceps brachii originate?

A

The posterior humerus, superior to the radial groove

110
Q

Where does the medial head of the triceps brachii originate?

A

The posterior humerus, inferior to the radial groove.

111
Q

Where does the triceps brachii insert?

A

Into the olecranon process of the ulna.

112
Q

What are the actions of the long head of the triceps brachii at the shoulder joint?

A

Extends the shoulder joint.

113
Q

What is the primary action of the triceps brachii at the elbow joint?

A

Extension of the elbow joint.

114
Q

What nerve innervates the triceps brachii?

A

The radial nerve.

115
Q

What is the origin of the anconeus muscle?

A

The lateral epicondyle of the humerus.

116
Q

Where does the anconeus insert?

A

Into the lateral olecranon and the proximal ulna.

117
Q

What are the actions of the anconeus muscle?

A

It stabilizes the elbow joint and assists with elbow extension

118
Q

What nerve innervates the anconeus muscle?

A

The radial nerve.

119
Q

What are the primary muscle groups that act on the scapula?

A

Axioappendicular muscles
Scapulohumeral muscles

120
Q

What structure is commonly involved in impingement in the rotator cuff?

A

The supraspinatus tendon is commonly impinged under the acromion process.

121
Q

What are the primary causes of rotator cuff impingement?

A

Inflamed subacromial bursa
Swollen supraspinatus muscle/tendon
Subacromial bony spurs

122
Q

What is a common symptom of rotator cuff impingement?

A

Pain during abduction of the shoulder, particularly in the mid-range.

123
Q

What is tendinopathy in the context of the rotator cuff?

A

Tendinopathy refers to the disorganization of the normal tendon structure.

124
Q

What are the common causes of rotator cuff tendinopathy?

A

Overuse
Age-related degeneration
Repeated trauma
Poor blood supply to the tendons

124
Q

What are the types of rotator cuff tears?

A

Partial-thickness tears
Full-thickness tears

124
Q

What are the main causes of rotator cuff tears?

A

Trauma
Degenerative changes (especially with age)
Overuse

125
Q

In which population are rotator cuff tears most common?

A

Older adults are most commonly affected by rotator cuff tears due to degenerative changes.

126
Q

What is the significance of rotator cuff injuries clinically?

A

Rotator cuff injuries can lead to weakness, pain, and reduced range of motion, significantly affecting shoulder function.

CBS602 UL I: Shoulder, Arm and Elbow (4 decks)

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