Osteology- Intro Flashcards
what are the four tissues of the human body
epithelial, muscle, neural & connective tissues
what is osteology
the study of bone
what are the three primary cell types of bone
osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts
what is the function of each type of bone cell
osteoblast- form bone
osteocyte- maintain or nurture bone
osteoclast- remodel bone
what are the bone cells embedded in
an amorphous matrix consisting of ground substance, protein fibers and various minerals
what is the primary constituent of the ground substance
glycosaminoglycans
what types of glycosaminoglycans predominate in bone
condroitin sulfates, keratin sulfates & hyaluronic acid
what is the principal type of protein fiber in bone
collagen type 1
what the primary constituents of the bone mineral
calcium, phosphate, citrate & carbonate ions
what is the most frequently described deposit in bone
bydroxyapatite
bone is also the repository for what additional ions
sodium, magnesium, fluoride, lead, strontium & radium
what is Wolff’s law as it pertains to bone
living tissue will respond to stressors; bone is formed or absorbed in response to stress
what are the three responses of bone which allow it to be described as “living”
it has the ability to heal, to remodel under stressors and to age
what is bone the embryological derivative of
mesenchyme or cartilage
what is the name given to the pattern of ossification in mesenchyme
intramembranous ossification
what is the timing for the appearance of intramembranous ossification
from the second to third month in utero
what bones are derived from intramembranous ossification
the nasal, palatine, vomer, lacrimal, zygomatic, maxilla, frontal, parietal, most of the mandible and clavicle, the squama of the temporal and occipital bones & the greater wing of the sphenoid
which bones of the neurocranium are formed by ossification
frontal, parietal, squama of the temporal and occipital bones & greater wing of the sphenoid
which bones of the splanchnocranium are formed by intramembranous ossification
the nasal, palatine, vomer, lacrimal, zygomatic, maxilla & part of the mandible
what is the name given to the pattern of ossification in cartilage
endochondral ossification
what is the timing for the appearance of ossification in cartilage
from teh second to fifth month in utero
what part of the skull is derived from endochondral ossification
chondrocranium
what bones are formed from the chondrocranium
the inferior nasal concha, ethmoid, and the remainder of the mandible, sphenoid, temporal and occipital bones
which bones of the splanchnocranium are derived from cartilage
the inferior nasal concha and part of the mandible
which bones of the neurocranium are derived from cartilage
the ethmoid, and parts of the sphenoid, temporal & occipital bones
which skull bones are ossified by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification
the mandible, sphenoid, temporal & occipital bones
which bone of the appendicular skeleton is formed by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification
clavicle
what are the names given to the centers of ossification based on time of appearance
primary centers and secondary centers of ossification
what isthe time appearance of primary center of ossification
before birth
what is the time of appearance of a secondary center of ossification
after birth
mature bone is described as being composed of what areas based on bone density
cortical or compact bone and spongy, cancellous or trabecullar bone
what is the name given to the bone below an articulating surface
subchondral bone
what is the name of the outer fibro-cellular covering of bone
the periosteum
what is the name given to the fibro-cellular lining of bone
the endosteum
what are the primary sources of variation observed in bone
gender variation (sexual dimorphism), ontogenetic variation (growth or age variation), geographic or population- based variation (ethnic variation) and idiosyncratic variation (individual variation)
what is the name give to the type of variation that is unique to an individual
idiosyncratic variation
