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Spinal Other Categories > Osteology- Intro > Flashcards

Osteology- Intro Flashcards

1
Q

what are the four tissues of the human body

A

epithelial, muscle, neural & connective tissues

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2
Q

what is osteology

A

the study of bone

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3
Q

what are the three primary cell types of bone

A

osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts

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4
Q

what is the function of each type of bone cell

A

osteoblast- form bone
osteocyte- maintain or nurture bone
osteoclast- remodel bone

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5
Q

what are the bone cells embedded in

A

an amorphous matrix consisting of ground substance, protein fibers and various minerals

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6
Q

what is the primary constituent of the ground substance

A

glycosaminoglycans

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7
Q

what types of glycosaminoglycans predominate in bone

A

condroitin sulfates, keratin sulfates & hyaluronic acid

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8
Q

what is the principal type of protein fiber in bone

A

collagen type 1

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9
Q

what the primary constituents of the bone mineral

A

calcium, phosphate, citrate & carbonate ions

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10
Q

what is the most frequently described deposit in bone

A

bydroxyapatite

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11
Q

bone is also the repository for what additional ions

A

sodium, magnesium, fluoride, lead, strontium & radium

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12
Q

what is Wolff’s law as it pertains to bone

A

living tissue will respond to stressors; bone is formed or absorbed in response to stress

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13
Q

what are the three responses of bone which allow it to be described as “living”

A

it has the ability to heal, to remodel under stressors and to age

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14
Q

what is bone the embryological derivative of

A

mesenchyme or cartilage

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15
Q

what is the name given to the pattern of ossification in mesenchyme

A

intramembranous ossification

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16
Q

what is the timing for the appearance of intramembranous ossification

A

from the second to third month in utero

17
Q

what bones are derived from intramembranous ossification

A

the nasal, palatine, vomer, lacrimal, zygomatic, maxilla, frontal, parietal, most of the mandible and clavicle, the squama of the temporal and occipital bones & the greater wing of the sphenoid

18
Q

which bones of the neurocranium are formed by ossification

A

frontal, parietal, squama of the temporal and occipital bones & greater wing of the sphenoid

19
Q

which bones of the splanchnocranium are formed by intramembranous ossification

A

the nasal, palatine, vomer, lacrimal, zygomatic, maxilla & part of the mandible

20
Q

what is the name given to the pattern of ossification in cartilage

A

endochondral ossification

21
Q

what is the timing for the appearance of ossification in cartilage

A

from teh second to fifth month in utero

22
Q

what part of the skull is derived from endochondral ossification

A

chondrocranium

23
Q

what bones are formed from the chondrocranium

A

the inferior nasal concha, ethmoid, and the remainder of the mandible, sphenoid, temporal and occipital bones

24
Q

which bones of the splanchnocranium are derived from cartilage

A

the inferior nasal concha and part of the mandible

25
Q

which bones of the neurocranium are derived from cartilage

A

the ethmoid, and parts of the sphenoid, temporal & occipital bones

26
Q

which skull bones are ossified by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification

A

the mandible, sphenoid, temporal & occipital bones

27
Q

which bone of the appendicular skeleton is formed by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification

A

clavicle

28
Q

what are the names given to the centers of ossification based on time of appearance

A

primary centers and secondary centers of ossification

29
Q

what isthe time appearance of primary center of ossification

A

before birth

30
Q

what is the time of appearance of a secondary center of ossification

A

after birth

31
Q

mature bone is described as being composed of what areas based on bone density

A

cortical or compact bone and spongy, cancellous or trabecullar bone

32
Q

what is the name given to the bone below an articulating surface

A

subchondral bone

33
Q

what is the name of the outer fibro-cellular covering of bone

A

the periosteum

34
Q

what is the name given to the fibro-cellular lining of bone

A

the endosteum

35
Q

what are the primary sources of variation observed in bone

A

gender variation (sexual dimorphism), ontogenetic variation (growth or age variation), geographic or population- based variation (ethnic variation) and idiosyncratic variation (individual variation)

36
Q

what is the name give to the type of variation that is unique to an individual

A

idiosyncratic variation

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