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Anatomy & Physiology > Osteology > Flashcards

Osteology Flashcards

1
Q

Axial skeleton function

A

Protect main organs

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2
Q

Appendicular skeleton function

A
  1. Support
  2. Movement
  3. Protection
  4. Blood cell production
  5. Mineral store (calcium & phosphate)
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3
Q

What is cartilage?

A

Dense connective tissue found at the end of bones

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4
Q

Ligament function

A
  1. Connect bone to bone

2. Support

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5
Q

Tendon function

A
  1. Connect muscle to bone
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6
Q

Types of bone

A
  1. Long bones
  2. Short bones
  3. Flat bones
  4. Irregular bones
  5. Sesamoid bones
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7
Q

Sections of vertebrae

A
  1. Cervical
  2. Thoracic
  3. Lumbar
  4. Sacral
  5. Coccygeal
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8
Q

Number of cervical vertebrae

A

7

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9
Q

Number of thoracic vertebrae

A

12

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10
Q

Number of lumbar vertebrae

A

5

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11
Q

Number of sacral vertebrae

A

5

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12
Q

Number of coccygeal vertebrae

A

4 (fused)

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13
Q

Number of true ribs

A

7 (upper 7 attached to sternum)

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14
Q

Number of false ribs

A

3 (ribs 8-10 attached to costal cartilage of upper ribs)

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15
Q

Number of floating ribs

A

2 (ribs 11 & 12 do not have an anterior)

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16
Q

Long bone structure

A
  • outer layer is compact bone (hard)
  • inner layer is spongy bone
  • epiphyses at either end covered by articular cartilage
  • associated with larger movements
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17
Q

Short bone structure

A
  • cube shaped

- associated with smaller, more complex movements

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18
Q

Flat bone structure

A
  • thin & flattened
  • protects vital organs
  • usually slightly curved
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19
Q

Irregular bone structure

A
  • complicated (irregular) shape
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20
Q

Sesamoid bone structure

A
  • small bones held within tendons
21
Q

Long bone examples

A
  1. Femur
  2. Humerus
  3. Phalanges
22
Q

Short bone examples

A
  1. Carpals
23
Q

Flat bone examples

A
  1. Sternum
  2. Ribs
  3. Scapula
24
Q

Irregular bone examples

A
  1. Vertebrae
25
Q

Sesamoid bone examples

A
  1. Patella
26
Q

Structure of bones

A
  1. Diaphysis
  2. Epiphysis
  3. Articular cartilage
  4. Periosteum
  5. Endosteum
  6. Medullary cavity
27
Q

Properties of the diaphysis

A
  • shaft of bone

- compact bone

28
Q

Properties of the ephiphysis

A
  • ends of bone
  • contain more spongy bone
  • covered in articular cartilage
29
Q

Properties of articular cartilage

A
  • covers end of bone
  • protects bone
  • forms smooth joint
30
Q

Properties of the periosteum

A
  • membrane that lines outer surface of all bones
  • irregular
  • regenerates quickly
31
Q

Properties of the endosteum

A
  • membrane that lines inner surface of all bones

- regenerates quickly

32
Q

Properties of the medullary cavity

A
  • contains red and yellow marrow
  • more red in children’s
  • red marrow produced in heads of bone in adults
33
Q

Bone composition

A
  1. Extracellular matrix
  2. Osteon
  3. Lacunae
34
Q

Bone cells

A
  1. Osteogenic cells
  2. Osteoblasts
  3. Osteocytes
  4. Osteoclasts
35
Q

What is the extracellular matrix?

A

Organic matrix made up of proteins and collagen fibres

36
Q

What is an osteon

A
  • main structure within compact bone
  • weight-bearing pillars within bone
  • contain lamellae
  • Haversian Canal
  • Volksmann Canals
37
Q

Haversian Canal

A

Contains blood vessels and nerves in osteons

38
Q

Volksmann Canals function

A

Connect osteons to each other and the periosteum

39
Q

What is the lacunae?

A
  • contains osteocytes

- found in pits in lamellae

40
Q

Location of osteogenic cells

A

Throughout bone

41
Q

Function of osteogenic cells

A

Differentiate into osteoblasts or stay as bone stem cells

42
Q

What is different about osteogenic cells compared to the other bone cells?

A

They are able to reproduce themselves as they are the only ones with the ability to undergo mitosis

43
Q

Function of osteoblasts

A
  • secrete collagen fibres & other organic components needed to build bone matrix
  • initiate process of calcification
44
Q

What are osteoblasts?

A

Bone building cells

45
Q

What are osteocytes

A

Mature bone cells

46
Q

Function of osteocytes

A
  • maintain daily function of bones
  • maintain mineral concentration in matrix
  • exchange nutrients with the blood
47
Q

Location of osteoclasts

A

Concentrated in the endosteum

48
Q

Function of osteoclasts

A

Releases cells that breakdown the bone matrix

49
Q

Formation of osteoclasts

A

Formed from the fusion of many white blood cells

Anatomy & Physiology (17 decks)

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