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ZOOL403 > Osteichthyes > Flashcards

Osteichthyes Flashcards

1
Q

Osteichthyes Synapomorphies

A

1) Lepidotrichia (segmented, dermal bone supports of fin)
2) Oral teeth on dermal bone
3) Operculum
4) Presence of lung (connected to gut tube) or swim bladder

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2
Q

Lepidotrichia

A
  • Segmented, dermal bone supports of fins, different from spines
  • Composite = flexible
  • Basals and radials are endochondral bone
  • Muscles in the fin are only at the base
  • The skeleton is confined to the base of the fin, fin rays make up the majority of the fin
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3
Q

Oral teeth on dermal bone

A
  • No replacement teeth (serial replacement)
  • Teeth in sharks directly on 13, but Osteichthyes aren’t
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4
Q

Operculum

A

Plate of dermal bone over gill opening

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5
Q

Presence of lung or swim bladder

A
  • Lung forms from an out-pocket of the gut, later becomes swim bladder
  • Swim bladder has no respiratory function, only buoyancy, but some fish re-evolve respiratory function
  • 2 types of swim bladder
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6
Q

What are the two types of swim bladder?

A

1) Physostomous
2) Physoclistous

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7
Q

Physostomous

A

swim bladder attached to gut and filled by swallowing air

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8
Q

Physoclistous

A

The swim bladder is independent of the gut and filled by gas exchange with the blood

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9
Q

Generalized feeding modes: suction, ram, biting, or combo

A

Most common: suction, mouth opens (protrudes forward + out) and head moves too, creates negative ambient pressure which sucks water and prey rapidly into the mouth
- Feeding modes not necessarily mutually exclusive

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10
Q

Sensory systems

A
  • Scent, vision, hearing
  • Pressure sensing (lateral line, and also on head)
  • Touch (navigation, b/c sensory neurons in fins)
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11
Q

What are the three electrical systems for sensing, feeding, and communication?

A

1) Passive electroreception
2) Active electroreception
3) Strongly electrogenic
Bony fish don’t have electric detection organ, only sharks have that

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12
Q

Passive electroreception

A

Can only detect fields produced by other individuals

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13
Q

Active electroreception

A

Produce own weak field. When sensing, detect changes to own field (prey detection, communication = knifefish, elephantfish)

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14
Q

Strongly electrogenic

A

Stun prey. deter predators (electric eel, torpedo ray)

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15
Q

Ventilation through dual-pump system

A

1) Mouth opens, walls of mouth expand/relax, negative pressure sucks water in. Delayed pharynx opening, draws water through mouth to gills.
2) Mouth closes, squeezes water into pharynx (delayed), push by mouth pull by pharynx of water
3) Pharynx closes, opens operculum

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16
Q

Branchial arches 1-4 have gills; 5th partially lost

A
  • 4 branchial arches on each side of body
  • 5th is partially lost (from sharks), later becomes tooth plates in bony fish
17
Q

Osmoregulation: seawater salt > fish salt > freshwater salt

A

Seawater: Dehydration problem: drink
- Salts: concentrated urine (holding onto as much water as possible) and exchange cells in gills
Freshwater: Overhydration problem
- Don’t drink, very dilute urine (get rid of water, takes salt out)
- Salts: exchange cells in gills, pump salts into body

18
Q

External fertilization and oviparity, but otherwise tons of variety

A
  • Vary in whether there’s a nest, clutch size, and parental care
  • Varied sex assignment systems:
    ~ born and remain male or female
    ~ simultaneous hermaphrodites (both M and F at the same time)
    ~ sequential hermaphrodites (start as 1 sex, later change to other sex)
19
Q

What are some of the ways chondrichthyans and osteichthyans are the same or different?

A
  • Different electrical sensing capabilities, osteichthyans in general don’t have any electrical sensing capabilities
  • Both have teeth, differ in origin
  • Both osmoregulators
  • Osteichthyans can touch via fins
  • Different modes of ventilation (ventilatory pump vs none)
20
Q

Sarcopterygii Synapomorphies (1 of 2 major branches of Osteichthyes)

A
  • Cosmine in scales (mineralized tissue)
  • Intercranial joint (braincase divides cranial/caudal, allows for more jaw mobility)
  • Lobed fins (lost lepidotrichia structure, now have mesomeres running in middle of fin surrounded by radials then fin rays)
21
Q

Sacropterygii diversity

A
  • Actinisia (coelacanths -> live in deep, cold water, oil-filled lung)
  • Other branch split into Dipnoi (lungfishes) and Tetrapoda (both have divided atrium?)
22
Q

Actinopterygii Synapomorphies (other major branches of Osteichthyes)

A
  • Ganoine in scales (different mineralized tissue)
  • Single soft dorsal fin (flexible lepidotrichia)
  • Keep fin rays
23
Q

Most basal groups of Actinopterygii

A
  • Polypteriformes (dorsal finlets, can walk on land)
  • Other branch split into two: Acipenseriformes (reduced scaling, skin instead) and Neopterygii ( both are primarily air breathers)
24
Q

Neopterygii Synapomorphies

A
  • Mobile maxilla (related to suction feeding)
  • Pharyngeal teeth concentrated on tooth plates derived from dorsal-most element of branchial arches 2-4
  • Reduced basals in paired fins
  • Fewer hypurals (specialized vertebrae) in caudal fin (tails become more symmetrical externally)
25
Q

Sister taxa within Neopterygii

A

Holostei: dense interlocked scales, top preds (GAr and Bowfin/Amia)
Teleostei

26
Q

Teleostei Synapomorphies

A
  • Swim bladder (derived from lung)
  • Mobile premaxilla
  • Elasmoid scales (cycloid or ctenoid, layered/overlap)
  • Loss of vertebrae in caudal lobes; uroneural and hypural plate instead (fin more flexible internally and more symmetrical)
  • Mobile pharyngeal jaws
27
Q

More on Mobile Pharyngeal Jaws

A
  • 2nd set of jaws made of tooth plate in the throat
  • The lower part comes from 5th arch remnants
  • Muscles + ligaments suspended in the throat, move independently of the mouth
  • “chews” food that has been suctioned
28
Q

Teleost diversity: Elopomorpha

A
  • Leptocephalus larvae (flat and transparent) synapomorphy
  • True eels and Tarpon
29
Q

Teleost diversity: Otocephali

A
  • Unifying characteristics: Weberian apparatus, modified swim bladder that amplifies sound
  • Sardines, herring, piranhas, knifefishes, catfishes, cyprinids
  • Cyprinids: minnows, goldfish, carp, etc. have nuptial tubercles (spike on breeding male head)
30
Q

Euteleostei

A

Adipose fin (lost pretty quickly after this)
- Protacanthoptergyii - salmons, trout, pike, etc.
- other branch: Neoteleostei - extra muscle for moving upper pharyngeal jaw

31
Q

Acanthomorpha

A

Spines on anterior edge of dorsal and anal fins

32
Q

Acanthopterygii Synapomorphies

A
  • Spiny dorsal fin
  • Increased spines at anterior edge of pelvic fins
33
Q

Percomorpha

A

Within Acanthopterygii

ZOOL403 (13 decks)

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