Moving Onto Land Flashcards
1
Q
What needs to change to live on land?
A
- Limbs for support
- Lungs for breathing air -> change circulatory system
- Prevent desiccation
- New feeding mechanism
- Adapt eyes to air
- Adapt hearing
- Touch - lateral line is only for water
- Change excretory system for storage of ammonia waste
2
Q
Zygapophysis
A
Interlocking structures that prevent dislocation of the spine in the vertebra
3
Q
Generalized tetrapod skeleton/body
A
- Limb girdles have become V-shaped structures to hold weight and bend
- 2 bones for rotation of distal part of limb (radius/ulna, tibia/fibula)
- Single proximal element in limb (humerus/femur)
- Elongated snout
- Neck
- Trachea
- Ribcage for structural support/ventilation
- Muscle blocks have become much more segmented
4
Q
Teleost or derived ray-finned fish circulatory system
A
- 1 circuit system
- Heart in one line (ventricle and atrium)
- Carotid artery takes blood towards tail/body
- Subclavian artery picks up O2 at the gills
- Converted lung into gas bladder
- Lost pulmonary circuit and aortic arch
5
Q
Generalized non-coelacanth lobe-finned fish circulatory system
A
- “Half-ass 2 circuit system”
- Use lungs and gills but rotation based on O2 needed
- Complicated heart, mixing occurs here
- Pulmonary artery feeds back into left atrium directly
- Ventricle is partially divided
6
Q
Double-circuit cardiovascular system of a tetrapod
A
- Mixed blood segregated as much as possible to go to lungs
- Deoxy to heart to lungs (oxy) to body to heart
- Heart to heart for oxy then oxy goes to body then back to right part of the heart
- Right to become oxy, left to body
7
Q
Extant amphibian circulatory system
A
- Mixed blood goes to lungs and skin
- Arch 5 and connection of dorsal aorta between arches 3 and 4 have been lost, but this is retained in salamanders
- Cutaneous artery from pulmonary artery for oxygenation at skin
- Mixed blood in right atrium, cutaneous artery, and pulmonary artery, everywhere else is oxygenated
8
Q
Hypothetical early amniote circulatory system
A
- Ventricles and pulmonary artery have mixed blood
- Right atrium has deoxygenated blood
9
Q
Fish eye anatomy
A
- Muscles move the lens back and forth inside the eyeball
- Spherical lenses
10
Q
Terrestrial vertebrate eye anatomy
A
- Muscles change the shape of the lens; deform the lens shape how to how light refracts in air
- Oval lenses
11
Q
Fish hearing
A
- No need for amplification because the sound in water is enough to cause a response in hair cells to bone
12
Q
Early tetrapod/sauropsids hearing
A
- Vibrations are transmitted through middle ear by stapes only
13
Q
Later tetrapod/synapsids hearing
A
- Cochlea present, fluid filled
- Vibrations are transmitted by 3 bones, malleus, incus, and stapes, which amplify soundwaves to move the fluid in cochlea then hair cells in there
- Relatively long ear canals
- Almost all extant synapsids have a pinna to help channel sound into ear canal
14
Q
Impedance matching
A
- Major function of the middle ear is to match relatively low-impedance airbourne sounds to the higher-impedance fluid of the inner ear. Impedance = medium’s resistance to movement
15
Q
Olfactory system of a mammal
A
- Need to warm and moisten air to efficiently extract oxygen
- May flare their lips to get air into vomeronasal organ
- Vomeronasal organ detects pheromones (which are for reproduction and communication)
