All Synapomorphies Flashcards
1
Q
Cyclostomata
A
- No mineralized tissues
- 1 nostril at the center of the head
- Laterally opening mouth
- No articulation on the branchial basket
- Gill tissue is on the medial side of the branchial basket
- Velum
- Rasping tongue supported by cartilage
2
Q
Myxiniformes
A
- Degenerate eyes
- Barbels
- 1 semicircular canal
- Single median fin with pre-anal component
3
Q
Petromyzontiformes
A
- 2 dorsal fins and 1 caudal fin
- Pair of seeing eyes and pineal eye
- 2 semicircular canals
4
Q
Gnathostomata
A
- 2 nostrils and jaws
- Elongation of forebrain
- Arches with articulation
- Gill tissue is on the lateral side of the branchial basket
- Fully developed cerebellum
- Presence of myelin
- 3 semicircular canals
- Mineralized tissues
- Vertebrae have a centrum connecting to ribs or hemal spine
5
Q
Chondrichthyes
A
- Calcified cartilage
- Replacement teeth
- Placoid scales
- Ampullae of Lorenzini
- Pelvic claspers on males
6
Q
Holocephali
A
- Swim by flapping pectoral fins (“underwater flight”)
- Narrow tail
- Operculum
- Cephalic claspers (males)
7
Q
Elasmobranchii
A
- Plate gills: gills with a dividing sheet of tissue in between -> 5-7 slits
- Most have 1 gill/branchial arch
- Spiracle: hole into pharynx on cranial + dorsal/lateral side, respiratory
8
Q
Selachii
A
- Tend to have a heterocercal tail = functional consequences - creates forces that move forward and up, problem of staying upright when swimming, counteracted by swimming with head up and tail down
9
Q
Batoidea
A
- Dorsoventrally flattened
- Can be in water column (flapping swim) or benthic (undulation swim)
- Mouth and gill slits on the ventral side
10
Q
Osteichthyes
A
- Lepidotrichia
- Oral teeth on dermal bone
- Operculum
- Presence of lung (connected to gut tube) or swim bladder (later on)
11
Q
Sarcopterygii
A
- Cosmine in scales
- Intercranial joint
- Lobed fins
12
Q
Actinopterygii
A
- Ganoine in scales
- Single soft dorsal fin (flexible lepidotrichia)
- Keep fin rays (not explicitly a synapomorphy)
13
Q
Polypteriformes
A
- Numerous dorsal finlets
14
Q
Acipenseriformes
A
- Reduced scaling (skin instead)
15
Q
Neopterygii
A
- Mobile maxilla
- Pharyngeal teeth on tooth plates (derived from dorsal-most element of branchial arches 2-4)
- Reduced basals in paired fins
- Fewer hypurals in caudal fin
16
Q
Holostei
A
- Dense, interlocking scales
17
Q
Teleostei
A
- Swim bladder
- Mobile premaxilla
- Elasmoid scales
- Loss of vertebrae in caudal lobes (uroneural and hypural plate instead)
- Mobile pharyngeal jaws
18
Q
Elopomorpha
A
- Leptocephalus larvae (flat + transparent)
19
Q
Otocephali
A
- Weberian apparatus: modified swim bladder that amplifies sound
20
Q
Euteleostei
A
- Adipose fin
21
Q
Neoteleostei
A
- Extra muscle for moving upper pharyngeal jaw
22
Q
Acanthomorpha
A
- Spines on the anterior edge of dorsal and anal fins
23
Q
Acanthopterygii
A
- Spiny dorsal fin
- Increased spines at anterior edge of pelvic fins
24
Q
Lissamphibia
A
- Ear: papilla amphibiorum and papilla basilaris
- Green rods in eyes
- Pedicellate teeth
- Moist skin with mucous glands
- Operculum-columella complex
- Columella from hyoid arch
- Levator bulbi
25
Q
Caudata
A
- Fusion of some bones in digits 1 and 2
- Operculum is fused to ear capsule
- Quadratojugals are absent
- 2nd ceratobranchial bone is lost at metamorphosis
26
Q
Anura
A
- 9 presacral vertebrae
- Urostyle (fusion of vertebrae, sacral + pelvic structure)
- Ulna and radius fused
- Tibia and fibula fused
- Elongate ankles
- Fused bones in skull
27
Q
Gymnophiona
A
- Paired tentacle between eyes and nostril
- 2 jaw-closing muscles
- Scales within skin
- Limbless, lack pectoral and pelvic girdles
- Phallodeum formed by cloacal wall
