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ZOOL403 > All Synapomorphies > Flashcards

All Synapomorphies Flashcards

1
Q

Cyclostomata

A
  • No mineralized tissues
  • 1 nostril at the center of the head
  • Laterally opening mouth
  • No articulation on the branchial basket
  • Gill tissue is on the medial side of the branchial basket
  • Velum
  • Rasping tongue supported by cartilage
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2
Q

Myxiniformes

A
  • Degenerate eyes
  • Barbels
  • 1 semicircular canal
  • Single median fin with pre-anal component
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3
Q

Petromyzontiformes

A
  • 2 dorsal fins and 1 caudal fin
  • Pair of seeing eyes and pineal eye
  • 2 semicircular canals
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4
Q

Gnathostomata

A
  • 2 nostrils and jaws
  • Elongation of forebrain
  • Arches with articulation
  • Gill tissue is on the lateral side of the branchial basket
  • Fully developed cerebellum
  • Presence of myelin
  • 3 semicircular canals
  • Mineralized tissues
  • Vertebrae have a centrum connecting to ribs or hemal spine
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5
Q

Chondrichthyes

A
  • Calcified cartilage
  • Replacement teeth
  • Placoid scales
  • Ampullae of Lorenzini
  • Pelvic claspers on males
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6
Q

Holocephali

A
  • Swim by flapping pectoral fins (“underwater flight”)
  • Narrow tail
  • Operculum
  • Cephalic claspers (males)
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7
Q

Elasmobranchii

A
  • Plate gills: gills with a dividing sheet of tissue in between -> 5-7 slits
  • Most have 1 gill/branchial arch
  • Spiracle: hole into pharynx on cranial + dorsal/lateral side, respiratory
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8
Q

Selachii

A
  • Tend to have a heterocercal tail = functional consequences - creates forces that move forward and up, problem of staying upright when swimming, counteracted by swimming with head up and tail down
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9
Q

Batoidea

A
  • Dorsoventrally flattened
  • Can be in water column (flapping swim) or benthic (undulation swim)
  • Mouth and gill slits on the ventral side
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10
Q

Osteichthyes

A
  • Lepidotrichia
  • Oral teeth on dermal bone
  • Operculum
  • Presence of lung (connected to gut tube) or swim bladder (later on)
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11
Q

Sarcopterygii

A
  • Cosmine in scales
  • Intercranial joint
  • Lobed fins
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12
Q

Actinopterygii

A
  • Ganoine in scales
  • Single soft dorsal fin (flexible lepidotrichia)
  • Keep fin rays (not explicitly a synapomorphy)
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13
Q

Polypteriformes

A
  • Numerous dorsal finlets
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14
Q

Acipenseriformes

A
  • Reduced scaling (skin instead)
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15
Q

Neopterygii

A
  • Mobile maxilla
  • Pharyngeal teeth on tooth plates (derived from dorsal-most element of branchial arches 2-4)
  • Reduced basals in paired fins
  • Fewer hypurals in caudal fin
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16
Q

Holostei

A
  • Dense, interlocking scales
17
Q

Teleostei

A
  • Swim bladder
  • Mobile premaxilla
  • Elasmoid scales
  • Loss of vertebrae in caudal lobes (uroneural and hypural plate instead)
  • Mobile pharyngeal jaws
18
Q

Elopomorpha

A
  • Leptocephalus larvae (flat + transparent)
19
Q

Otocephali

A
  • Weberian apparatus: modified swim bladder that amplifies sound
20
Q

Euteleostei

A
  • Adipose fin
21
Q

Neoteleostei

A
  • Extra muscle for moving upper pharyngeal jaw
22
Q

Acanthomorpha

A
  • Spines on the anterior edge of dorsal and anal fins
23
Q

Acanthopterygii

A
  • Spiny dorsal fin
  • Increased spines at anterior edge of pelvic fins
24
Q

Lissamphibia

A
  • Ear: papilla amphibiorum and papilla basilaris
  • Green rods in eyes
  • Pedicellate teeth
  • Moist skin with mucous glands
  • Operculum-columella complex
  • Columella from hyoid arch
  • Levator bulbi
25
Q

Caudata

A
  • Fusion of some bones in digits 1 and 2
  • Operculum is fused to ear capsule
  • Quadratojugals are absent
  • 2nd ceratobranchial bone is lost at metamorphosis
26
Q

Anura

A
  • 9 presacral vertebrae
  • Urostyle (fusion of vertebrae, sacral + pelvic structure)
  • Ulna and radius fused
  • Tibia and fibula fused
  • Elongate ankles
  • Fused bones in skull
27
Q

Gymnophiona

A
  • Paired tentacle between eyes and nostril
  • 2 jaw-closing muscles
  • Scales within skin
  • Limbless, lack pectoral and pelvic girdles
  • Phallodeum formed by cloacal wall

ZOOL403 (13 decks)

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