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PHYSIO > OSMOREGULATION: SALT AND ELECTROLYTES EXCRETION > Flashcards

OSMOREGULATION: SALT AND ELECTROLYTES EXCRETION Flashcards

1
Q

process of maintaining salt and water balance
(osmotic balance) across membranes within the body

A

Osmoregulation

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2
Q

fluids inside and
surrounding cells are
composed of?

A

water,
electrolytes, and
nonelectrolytes

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3
Q

based largely on controlled
movement of solutes between internal fluids and
the external environment

A

Osmoregulation

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4
Q

expend energy to control water
uptake and loss in a hyperosmotic or hypoosmotic
environment

A

Osmoregulators

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5
Q

Osmoregulation maintains the proper balance
of electrolytes in the human body, ____ such as temperature, diet, and
weather conditions

A

despite
external factors

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6
Q

By ____, osmotic balance
ensures that optimal concentrations of
electrolytes and non-electrolytes are maintained
in cells, body tissues, and interstitial fluid

A

diffusion of water or solutes

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7
Q
  • internal osmolarity nears that of the external environment
  • if external conditions change, internal osmolarity changes
    with it.
A

Osmoconformer

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8
Q
  • Maintains internal osmolarity within an narrow range regardless of the external environment.
  • Depending on conditions, the animal could have an
    osmolarity higher or lower than surrounding water.
A

Osmoregulators

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9
Q

Types of Regulation of Blood Plasma

A

osmotic regulation
osmotic conformer
ionic regulation

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10
Q

maintains
a constant or nearly constant osmotic pressure
in the blood plasma

A

Osmotic regulation (osmoregulation)

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11
Q

the blood osmotic
pressure always equals the osmotic pressure of
the environmental water

A

Osmotic conformer

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12
Q

maintains of a constant or
nearly constant concentration of an inorganic ion
in the blood plasma

A

Ionic regulation

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13
Q

Types of Osmotic regulation and
Conformity

A

ionic conformity
volume regulation
volume conformity

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14
Q

allows the concentration of
the ion in its blood plasma to match the
concentration in its external environment.

A

Ionic conformity

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15
Q

is the regulation of the total
amount of water in a body fluid

A

Volume regulation

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16
Q

refers to completely
passive changes

A

Volume conformity

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17
Q

Classification based on salt
tolerance

A

stenohaline
euryhaline

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18
Q

animals that can only tolerate a
narrow range of salt Concentrations

A

Stenohaline

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19
Q

animals that can tolerate widely
variant osmolarities

A

Euryhaline

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20
Q

amine group that is released across the whole
body surface or through gills

A

Ammonia

Animals that excrete nitrogenous wastes
as ammonia need lots of water

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21
Q

The liver of ____ and most adult ____ converts ammonia to less toxic urea

A

mammals
amphibians

The circulatory system carries urea to the
kidneys, where it is excreted

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22
Q

4 organisms that excrete uric acid

A

Insects, land snails, and many reptiles,
including birds mainly excrete uric acid

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23
Q

is largely insoluble in water and can be secreted as a paste with little water loss

A

Uric acid

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24
Q

Excretory Processes in
Mammals

A

filtration
reabsorption
secretion
excretion

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25
Q

pressure-filtering of body fluids

A

Filtration

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26
Q

reclaiming valuable solutes

A

Reabsorption

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27
Q

adding toxins and other solutes from the
body fluids to the filtrate

A

Secretion

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28
Q

removing the filtrate from the system

A

Excretion

29
Q

excretory organs of vertebrates, function in
both excretion and osmoregulation

A

kidneys

30
Q

The mammalian excretory system centers on paired
kidneys, which are also the principal site of _____

A

water balance
and salt regulation

31
Q

Each kidney is supplied with blood by a ____ and
drained by a ____

A

renal artery
renal vein

32
Q

Urine exits each kidney through a duct called the

A

ureter

33
Q

Both ureters drain into a common

A

urinary bladder

34
Q

mammalian kidney has two distinct regions

A

an outer renal cortex and an inner renal medulla

35
Q

consists of a single long tubule and a
ball of capillaries called the _____

A

nephrons
glomerulus

36
Q

Filtration occurs as blood pressure forces fluid
from the blood in the glomerulus into the lumen of
____

A

Bowman’s capsule

37
Q

The filtrate in Bowman’s capsule mirrors the
concentration of _____

A

solutes in blood plasma

38
Q

From Bowman’s capsule, the filtrate passes
through three regions of the nephron?

A

proximal tubule, the loop of Henle, and the
distal tubule

39
Q

Fluid from several nephrons flows into a
_____

A

collecting duct

40
Q

Secretion and reabsorption in the ____
change the filtrate’s volume and composition

A

proximal tubule

41
Q

Reabsorption of water occurs as filtrate moves into
the ____

A

descending limb of the loop of Henle

42
Q

In the ascending limb of the loop of Henle, salt
diffuses from the ____

A

permeable tubule into the
interstitial fluid.

43
Q

regulates the K+ and NaCl
concentrations of body fluids.

A

The distal tubule

44
Q

carries filtrate through the
medulla to the renal pelvis and reabsorbs NaCl

A

The collecting duct

45
Q

The mammalian kidney conserves water by
producing urine that is ____
than body fluids.

A

much more concentrated

46
Q

The action and precise arrangement of the loops
of Henle and collecting ducts are largely
responsible for the ____ that
concentrates the urine.

A

osmotic gradient

47
Q

____ contribute to the osmolarity of the
interstitial fluid, which causes reabsorption of
water in the kidney and concentrates the urine

A

NaCl and urea

48
Q

The collecting duct conducts filtrate through the
____, and more water exits the
filtrate by osmosis

A

osmolarity gradient

49
Q

Urea diffuses out of the collecting duct as it
traverses the ____

A

inner medulla

50
Q

Urea and NaCl form the osmotic gradient that
enables the kidney to produce urine that is
____ to the blood

A

hyperosmotic

51
Q

The waste is collected in _____ and then
leaves the kidney in the ureter, which leads to
the bladder where urine, the combination of
waste materials and water, is stored.

A

larger tubules

52
Q

The bladder contains _____, stretch receptors that signal when it needs to be emptied.
* These signals create the urge to urinate, which
can be voluntarily suppressed up to a limit.

A

sensory nerves

53
Q

The osmolarity of the urine is regulated by
_____

A

nervous and hormonal control of water and salt
reabsorption in the kidneys

54
Q

6 hormones that help regulate the needs of the body as well as the communication between the different organ
systems.

A

epinephrine
norepinephrine
renin-angiotensin
aldosterone
anti-diuretic hormone
atrial natriuretic peptide

55
Q

organ: Epinephrine
and
Norepinephrine

A

Adrenal
medulla

56
Q

organ: renin

A

Kidney
nephrons

57
Q

organ: angiotensin

A

liver

58
Q

function: epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

Can decrease kidney function temporarily by vasoconstriction

59
Q

function: renin

A

Increases blood
pressure by acting on
angiotensinogen

60
Q

function: angiotensin

A

Angiotensin II affects
multiple processes
and increases blood
pressure

61
Q

organ: aldosterone

A

Adrenal
cortex

62
Q

organ: atrial natriuretic peptide

A

heart atrium

62
Q

organ: anti-diuretic hormone (vasopressin

A

hypothalamus

63
Q

function: aldosterone

A

Prevents loss of sodium
and water

64
Q

function: ADH

A

prevents water loss

65
Q

function: ANP

A

Decreases blood pressure by acting as a vasodilator and increasing glomerular filtration rate; decreases sodium reabsorption in kidneys

66
Q

angiotensin to angiotensin I

A

renin

67
Q

angiotensin I to angiotensin II

A

angiotensin converting enzyme

PHYSIO (5 decks)

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