OSMOREGULATION: SALT AND ELECTROLYTES EXCRETION

Question 1

process of maintaining salt and water balance
(osmotic balance) across membranes within the body

Answer 1

Osmoregulation

Question 2

fluids inside and
surrounding cells are
composed of?

Answer 2

water,
electrolytes, and
nonelectrolytes

Question 3

based largely on controlled
movement of solutes between internal fluids and
the external environment

Answer 3

Osmoregulation

Question 4

expend energy to control water
uptake and loss in a hyperosmotic or hypoosmotic
environment

Answer 4

Osmoregulators

Question 5

Osmoregulation maintains the proper balance
of electrolytes in the human body, ____ such as temperature, diet, and
weather conditions

Answer 5

despite
external factors

Question 6

By ____, osmotic balance
ensures that optimal concentrations of
electrolytes and non-electrolytes are maintained
in cells, body tissues, and interstitial fluid

Answer 6

diffusion of water or solutes

Question 7

• internal osmolarity nears that of the external environment
• if external conditions change, internal osmolarity changes
  with it.

Answer 7

Osmoconformer

Question 8

• Maintains internal osmolarity within an narrow range regardless of the external environment.
• Depending on conditions, the animal could have an
  osmolarity higher or lower than surrounding water.

Answer 8

Osmoregulators

Question 9

Types of Regulation of Blood Plasma

Answer 9

osmotic regulation
osmotic conformer
ionic regulation

Question 10

maintains
a constant or nearly constant osmotic pressure
in the blood plasma

Answer 10

Osmotic regulation (osmoregulation)

Question 11

the blood osmotic
pressure always equals the osmotic pressure of
the environmental water

Answer 11

Osmotic conformer

Question 12

maintains of a constant or
nearly constant concentration of an inorganic ion
in the blood plasma

Answer 12

Ionic regulation

Question 13

Types of Osmotic regulation and
Conformity

Answer 13

ionic conformity
volume regulation
volume conformity

Question 14

allows the concentration of
the ion in its blood plasma to match the
concentration in its external environment.

Answer 14

Ionic conformity

Question 15

is the regulation of the total
amount of water in a body fluid

Answer 15

Volume regulation

Question 16

refers to completely
passive changes

Answer 16

Volume conformity

Question 17

Classification based on salt
tolerance

Answer 17

stenohaline
euryhaline

Question 18

animals that can only tolerate a
narrow range of salt Concentrations

Answer 18

Stenohaline

Question 19

animals that can tolerate widely
variant osmolarities

Answer 19

Euryhaline

Question 20

amine group that is released across the whole
body surface or through gills

Answer 20

Ammonia

Animals that excrete nitrogenous wastes
as ammonia need lots of water

Question 21

The liver of ____ and most adult ____ converts ammonia to less toxic urea

Answer 21

mammals
amphibians

The circulatory system carries urea to the
kidneys, where it is excreted

Question 22

4 organisms that excrete uric acid

Answer 22

Insects, land snails, and many reptiles,
including birds mainly excrete uric acid

Question 23

is largely insoluble in water and can be secreted as a paste with little water loss

Answer 23

Uric acid

Question 24

Excretory Processes in
Mammals

Answer 24

filtration
reabsorption
secretion
excretion

Question 25

pressure-filtering of body fluids

Answer 25

Filtration

Question 26

reclaiming valuable solutes

Answer 26

Reabsorption

Question 27

adding toxins and other solutes from the body fluids to the filtrate

Answer 27

Secretion

Question 28

removing the filtrate from the system

Answer 28

Excretion

Question 29

excretory organs of vertebrates, function in both excretion and osmoregulation

Answer 29

kidneys

Question 30

The mammalian excretory system centers on paired kidneys, which are also the principal site of _____

Answer 30

water balance and salt regulation

Question 31

Each kidney is supplied with blood by a ____ and drained by a ____

Answer 31

renal artery renal vein

Question 32

Urine exits each kidney through a duct called the

Answer 32

ureter

Question 33

Both ureters drain into a common

Answer 33

urinary bladder

Question 34

mammalian kidney has two distinct regions

Answer 34

an outer renal cortex and an inner renal medulla

Question 35

consists of a single long tubule and a ball of capillaries called the _____

Answer 35

nephrons glomerulus

Question 36

Filtration occurs as blood pressure forces fluid from the blood in the glomerulus into the lumen of ____

Answer 36

Bowman’s capsule

Question 37

The filtrate in Bowman’s capsule mirrors the concentration of _____

Answer 37

solutes in blood plasma

Question 38

From Bowman’s capsule, the filtrate passes through three regions of the nephron?

Answer 38

proximal tubule, the loop of Henle, and the distal tubule

Question 39

Fluid from several nephrons flows into a _____

Answer 39

collecting duct

Question 40

Secretion and reabsorption in the ____ change the filtrate’s volume and composition

Answer 40

proximal tubule

Question 41

Reabsorption of water occurs as filtrate moves into the ____

Answer 41

descending limb of the loop of Henle

Question 42

In the ascending limb of the loop of Henle, salt diffuses from the ____

Answer 42

permeable tubule into the interstitial fluid.

Question 43

regulates the K+ and NaCl concentrations of body fluids.

Answer 43

The distal tubule

Question 44

carries filtrate through the medulla to the renal pelvis and reabsorbs NaCl

Answer 44

The collecting duct

Question 45

The mammalian kidney conserves water by producing urine that is ____ than body fluids.

Answer 45

much more concentrated

Question 46

The action and precise arrangement of the loops of Henle and collecting ducts are largely responsible for the ____ that concentrates the urine.

Answer 46

osmotic gradient

Question 47

____ contribute to the osmolarity of the interstitial fluid, which causes reabsorption of water in the kidney and concentrates the urine

Answer 47

NaCl and urea

Question 48

The collecting duct conducts filtrate through the ____, and more water exits the filtrate by osmosis

Answer 48

osmolarity gradient

Question 49

Urea diffuses out of the collecting duct as it traverses the ____

Answer 49

inner medulla

Question 50

Urea and NaCl form the osmotic gradient that enables the kidney to produce urine that is ____ to the blood

Answer 50

hyperosmotic

Question 51

The waste is collected in _____ and then leaves the kidney in the ureter, which leads to the bladder where urine, the combination of waste materials and water, is stored.

Answer 51

larger tubules

Question 52

The bladder contains _____, **stretch receptors** that signal when it needs to be emptied. * These signals create the urge to urinate, which can be voluntarily suppressed up to a limit.

Answer 52

sensory nerves

Question 53

The osmolarity of the urine is regulated by _____

Answer 53

nervous and hormonal control of water and salt reabsorption in the kidneys

Question 54

6 hormones that help regulate the needs of the body as well as the communication between the different organ systems.

Answer 54

epinephrine norepinephrine renin-angiotensin aldosterone anti-diuretic hormone atrial natriuretic peptide

Question 55

organ: Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

Answer 55

Adrenal medulla

Question 56

organ: renin

Answer 56

Kidney nephrons

Question 57

organ: angiotensin

Answer 57

liver

Question 58

function: epinephrine and norepinephrine

Answer 58

Can **decrease kidney function** temporarily by *vasoconstriction*

Question 59

function: renin

Answer 59

Increases blood pressure by acting on angiotensinogen

Question 60

function: angiotensin

Answer 60

Angiotensin II affects multiple processes and increases blood pressure

Question 61

organ: aldosterone

Answer 61

Adrenal cortex

Question 62

organ: atrial natriuretic peptide

Answer 62

heart atrium

Question 62

organ: anti-diuretic hormone (vasopressin

Answer 62

hypothalamus

Question 63

function: aldosterone

Answer 63

Prevents loss of sodium and water

Question 64

function: ADH

Answer 64

prevents water loss

Question 65

function: ANP

Answer 65

Decreases blood pressure by acting as a **vasodilator** and **increasing glomerular filtration** rate; **decreases sodium reabsorption** in kidneys

Question 66

angiotensin to angiotensin I

Answer 66

renin

Question 67

angiotensin I to angiotensin II

Answer 67

angiotensin converting enzyme