ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY Flashcards
the study of how animals work
Animal Physiology
Study the structure and function
of the various parts of an animal,
and how these parts work
together to allow animals to
perform their normal behaviors
and to respond to their
environments
Animal Physiology
Key Disciplines of Animal Physiology
- The fundamental biology of all animals
- Human health and disease
- The health and disease of nonhuman
animals importance in human affairs
Unifying Themes in Animal Physiology
- Physiological Process obey the laws of Physics and Chemistry
- Physiological processes are usually _______
- The physiological Phenotype is a product of _____
- Genotype is a product of evolution, acting
through _____ and other evolutionary
processes.
regulated
genotype and environment
natural selection
5 characteristics of animals
- multicellular organism
- feeds on organic matter
- motile
- have specialized organs
- capable to respond to a specific stimulus
An animal and its environment are _____,
not _____, entities
interrelated
independent
Big 3 that set the stage for life
temperature
oxygen
water
Ability or tendency of the
body or biological
systems to maintain
stability while adjusting to
conditions that are optimal
for survival
homeostasis
where does homeostasis word came from
homeo, “similar”
stasis, “to stand or stay,”/ “state”
Homeostasis in Animal Body
Homeostasis is essential for the
survival of each cell, and each cell,
through its specialized activities,
contributes as part of a body system
to the maintenance of the internal
environment shared by all cells.
8 Factors of the internal environment that are often homeostatically regulated
- Concentration of energy-rich
molecules. - Concentration of O2 and CO2
- Concentration of waste products
- pH
- Concentration of water, salt, and
other electrolytes. - Volume and pressure.
- Temperature
- Social parameters
Concentration of energy-rich
molecules.
* ________ need a consistent supply
of such molecules (both externally and
internally) to serve as a metabolic fuel for
life-sustaining and specialized cell activities.
Non-dormant cells
Cells need ________ to perform chemical reactions that extract
from nutrient molecules the most energy possible for use
by the cell.
The CO2 produced during these chemical reactions must
be ________ by the removal of CO2 from the body so that
CO2 does not increase the acidity (H+ concentration) of
the internal environment
O2
balanced
Various chemical reactions produce end
products that can be toxic to cells if these
wastes are allowed to accumulate beyond a
certain limit.
Concentration of waste products
pH
* Among the most pronounced effects of
changes in the pH (acidity) of the internal
fluid environment are alterations in the ________
electrical signaling mechanism
Concentration of water, salt, and
other electrolytes.
* concentrations of salt ions (mainly Na+ and Cl–),
organic solutes, and water in the ECF influence
regulations of the _____
proper volume of the cells.
The plasma in animals with circulatory
systems, must be maintained at an adequate
____ to ensure body wide
distribution of this link between the
external environment and the cells.
Volume and pressure
Temperature
* Cells function optimally within a ____ temperature range
narrow
Social parameters
* homeostasis can extend beyond the individual to
a social level. This has been documented in
social insects like ____
termites
- The fact that the internal environment has some
stable features does not mean that its composition,
volume, and other characteristics are _____.
absolutely
unchanging
First, external and internal factors continuously
threaten to disrupt homeostasis. When this occurs,
____ (or behaviors) are
initiated to restore these conditions.
appropriate opposing reactions
homeostasis should be viewed not as….
Homeostasis should be viewed not as a fixed
state but as a dynamic steady state in which
the changes that do occur are minimized by
compensatory physiological responses
allow internal conditions to
change when faced with variation in
external conditions.
Conformers
maintain
relatively constant
internal conditions
regardless of the
conditions in the
external environment
Regulators
not capable of internal
regulation but which nevertheless can
minimize internal variations by avoiding
environmental disturbances
Avoiders
are responses exhibited
during the first minutes or hours after an
environmental change
Acute Responses
are expressed following
prolonged exposure to new environmental
conditions
Chronic Responses
a chronic response in which the new
environment differs from the preceding environment in just a
few highly defined ways
Acclimation
a chronic response of individuals to a
changed environment when the new and old environments
are different natural environments that can differ in
numerous ways, such as winter and summer, or low and
high altitudes
Acclimatization
the ability of an individual animal (a single
genotype) to express two or more genetically controlled
phenotypes
phenotypic
plasticity
types of phenotypic
plasticity
acclimation
acclimatization
is possible because an individual
invariably possesses the genetic code to adopt multiple
phenotypes
phenotypic
plasticity
a physiological loop system wherein the system
responds to a perturbation
Feed Mechanisms
the ability of a control system to
modify its out as a response to the input
Feed Mechanisms
most important function of the feedback
mechanism is?
in any system is to bring the state of the
body into a stable state
receptor to CNS
afferent pathway
CNS to effector
efferent pathway
occurs when a change in a controlled
variable triggers a response that opposes
the change, driving the variable in the
opposite direction of the initial change
Negative Feedbacks
Negative Feedbacks
The loop detects the change in output and
acts in the opposite direction to ____ causing the change
nullify the
stimulus
negative feedback examples
glucagon
insulin
vasodilation
diaphoresis
vasoconstriction
shivering
to cool down the body
vasodilation
diaphoresis
to warm up the body
vasoconstriction
shivering
is a pathway that in response to a deviation
in the output causes the output to change
even more in the direction of the initial
deviation
Positive Feedback Mechanism
positive feedback mechanism ____ as long as the stimulus is continued
progressively
amplifies the response
examples of positive feedback
menstrual cycle
giving birth