ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY Flashcards
the study of how animals work
Animal Physiology
Study the structure and function
of the various parts of an animal,
and how these parts work
together to allow animals to
perform their normal behaviors
and to respond to their
environments
Animal Physiology
Key Disciplines of Animal Physiology
- The fundamental biology of all animals
- Human health and disease
- The health and disease of nonhuman
animals importance in human affairs
Unifying Themes in Animal Physiology
- Physiological Process obey the laws of Physics and Chemistry
- Physiological processes are usually _______
- The physiological Phenotype is a product of _____
- Genotype is a product of evolution, acting
through _____ and other evolutionary
processes.
regulated
genotype and environment
natural selection
5 characteristics of animals
- multicellular organism
- feeds on organic matter
- motile
- have specialized organs
- capable to respond to a specific stimulus
An animal and its environment are _____,
not _____, entities
interrelated
independent
Big 3 that set the stage for life
temperature
oxygen
water
Ability or tendency of the
body or biological
systems to maintain
stability while adjusting to
conditions that are optimal
for survival
homeostasis
where does homeostasis word came from
homeo, “similar”
stasis, “to stand or stay,”/ “state”
Homeostasis in Animal Body
Homeostasis is essential for the
survival of each cell, and each cell,
through its specialized activities,
contributes as part of a body system
to the maintenance of the internal
environment shared by all cells.
8 Factors of the internal environment that are often homeostatically regulated
- Concentration of energy-rich
molecules. - Concentration of O2 and CO2
- Concentration of waste products
- pH
- Concentration of water, salt, and
other electrolytes. - Volume and pressure.
- Temperature
- Social parameters
Concentration of energy-rich
molecules.
* ________ need a consistent supply
of such molecules (both externally and
internally) to serve as a metabolic fuel for
life-sustaining and specialized cell activities.
Non-dormant cells
Cells need ________ to perform chemical reactions that extract
from nutrient molecules the most energy possible for use
by the cell.
The CO2 produced during these chemical reactions must
be ________ by the removal of CO2 from the body so that
CO2 does not increase the acidity (H+ concentration) of
the internal environment
O2
balanced
Various chemical reactions produce end
products that can be toxic to cells if these
wastes are allowed to accumulate beyond a
certain limit.
Concentration of waste products
pH
* Among the most pronounced effects of
changes in the pH (acidity) of the internal
fluid environment are alterations in the ________
electrical signaling mechanism
Concentration of water, salt, and
other electrolytes.
* concentrations of salt ions (mainly Na+ and Cl–),
organic solutes, and water in the ECF influence
regulations of the _____
proper volume of the cells.
The plasma in animals with circulatory
systems, must be maintained at an adequate
____ to ensure body wide
distribution of this link between the
external environment and the cells.
Volume and pressure
Temperature
* Cells function optimally within a ____ temperature range
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