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Bio 240 Exam 4 > Osmoregulation and Excretion > Flashcards

Osmoregulation and Excretion Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a nephron?

A

the functional unit of a kidney that consists of the Bowman’s capsule, and tubule.

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2
Q

From where does blood enter the glomerulus?

A

the afferent arteriole

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3
Q

From where does blood exit the glomerulus?

A

the efferent arteriole

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4
Q

What is the function of the glomerulus?

A

to bring blood containing water and solutes to the Bowman’s capsule to be filtered

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5
Q

What is the Bowman’s capsule?

A

the glomerular surrounding the glomerulus that removes filtrate from the blood

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6
Q

Why does the Glomerular Filtration Rate matter?

A

restricting it preserves blood volume when neccessary

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7
Q

How is the Glomerular Filtration Rate regulated?

A

constriction of the afferent artery reduces the net filtration pressure, decreasing the GFR

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8
Q

Which solutes are filtered into nephrons?

A

essential ions, glucose, amino acids, smaller proteins and waste

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9
Q

What is the proximal tubule and its function?

A

the primary site of water and solute reabsorption where Na+ is removed via active transport and water follows because of the osmotic gradient

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10
Q

What is the loop of Henle?

A

A loop consisting of an ascending and descending limb that facilitates reabsorption

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11
Q

What is the function of the descending limb?

A

to release H2O from the filtrate via an osmotic gradient creating a concentrated filtrate

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12
Q

What is the function of the ascending limb?

A

it is impermeable to H2O and facilitates active an passive transport of NaCl in the interstitial fluid

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13
Q

What is the purpose of a hyper osmotic interstitial fluid surrounding the medulla?

A

to facilitate osmosis in the descending limb

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14
Q

What is the purpose of the final segment of the nephrons tubule, the distal tube and collecting duct?

A

hormonal control of electrolytes and urine volume

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15
Q

What is aldosterone?

A

a hormone secreted by adrenal glands which activate Na+/K+ pumps

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16
Q

What is the function of Na+/K+ pumps?

A

reabsorb Na+ and secrete K+ to regulate the osmotic gradient

17
Q

What is the function Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH)?

A

to activate aquaporin vesicles in the collecting duct to perform water reabsorption

18
Q

What is ADH secretion controlled by?

A

the hypothalamus

19
Q

Where does aldosterone come from?

A

the adrenal glands activated by ADH

20
Q

What are excretory adaptations?

A

adaptation of nephrons for osmoregulation in extreme environments

21
Q

Why is a long loop of Henle adaptive?

A

it produces more concentrated urine limiting the need for water

22
Q

What is the purpose of osmoregulation?

A

to maintain a water and solute homeostasis because too much of either one would cause cells to expand or dehydrate

23
Q

What is anhydrobiosis and what is an example?

A

A state of dormancy preventing desiccation/dehydration
tardigrades

24
Q

How are solutes prepared for excretion?

A

the body metabolizes nucleic acids and proteins into ammonia groups to convert into nitrogenous waste

25
Q

In what form do fish excrete nitrogenous waste and why?

A

as ammonia because no conversion is required due to the water surrounding them that dilutes it

26
Q

In what form do mammals excrete nitrogenous waste and why?

A

Urea; it is less toxic and they have occasional access to water; however, it requires conversion in the liver

27
Q

In what form do birds, reptiles, insects, and land snails excrete nitrogenous waste and why?

A

Uric acidit is nontoxic and they have minimal access to water; however requires a lot of energy to produce

28
Q

What is the first step of the excretory system?

A

filtration; when water and solutes enter the system from the bloodstream

29
Q

What is the second step of the excretory system?

A

reabsorption; valuable substances are reabsorbed into the blood stream

30
Q

What is the third step of the excretory system?

A

secretion, excess or toxic substances are secretion from the bloodstream into the filtrate

31
Q

What is the fourth step of the excretory system?

A

excretion; the filtration (urine) is excreted from the body

32
Q

How does the digestive tract of an annelid work?

A

cilia draw water into collecting tubules of the metanephridra and then, waste it is excreted from external pores

33
Q

How does the digestive tract of an arthropod work?

A

components connected to the digestive tracts known as malpighian tubules reabsorb most solutes and water so no filtration is required

Bio 240 Exam 4 (4 decks)

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