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Bio 240 Exam 4 > Immune System > Flashcards

Immune System Flashcards

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1
Q

What is humanities deadliest disease?

A

smallpox

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2
Q

How does immunization work?

A

antigens are artificially introduced to induce adaptive immunity

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3
Q

Define inoculation

A

the act of immunizing someone against a disease by introducing material

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4
Q

What is similar between immunological memory and immunization?

A

they expose the organism to antigens

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5
Q

Define clonal selection

A

the process by which body produces B and T cells in response to infections

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6
Q

What is an “inactivated” vaccine?

A

the vaccine contains a dead virus

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7
Q

What is a “live” vaccine?

A

the vaccine contains an attenuated (reduced) virus

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8
Q

What is “recombinant” vaccine?

A

the vaccine contains viral antigens

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9
Q

What is an “mRNA” vaccine?

A

the vaccine contains an mRNA code for the viral antigen

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10
Q

Define innate immunity

A

the first line of defense against pathogens that does not involve infection of the host

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11
Q

What kind of immunity do invertebrates exhibit?

A

strictly innate immunity

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12
Q

What is a hemocyte?

A

an immune system blood cell, especially in invertebrates

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13
Q

What kind of immunity do vertebrates exhibit?

A

innate AND adaptive immunity

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14
Q

Define adaptive immunity

A

the immune response that occurs after infection occurs

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15
Q

What kind of immunity is skin, mucus, and acidity?

A

innate immunity

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16
Q

What are phagocytic cells?

A

cells that arrive at the infection and boost immune responses

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17
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

the process by which a phagocytic cell uses vacuoles to digest pathogens

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18
Q

What are the four functions of a macrophage?

A
  1. phagocytosis
  2. stimulates other immune cells
  3. removes dead cells
  4. secretes cytokines
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19
Q

Three types of phagocytic cells

A

macrophage, neutrophil, and dendritic cell

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20
Q

What are the three functions of a neutrophil cell?

A
  1. phagocytosis
  2. extracellular traps
  3. mediate inflammation
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21
Q

What are the two functions of a dendritic cell?

A
  1. phagocytosis
  2. displays antigens on its surface to boost immune response
22
Q

What does a mast cell release?

A

histamines

23
Q

What is the purpose of histamines?

A

they trigger the bodies response to inflammation, including dilating blood vessels

24
Q

Is systemic inflammation innate or adaptive immunity?

A

innate

25
Q

What is systemic inflammation?

A

inflammation throughout the whole body triggered by severe infections or tissue damage

26
Q

What is septic shock?

A

whenever an infection causes the body to go into shock; organs fail and the heart slows

27
Q

What is adaptive immunity?

A

pathogen-specific responses to infection

28
Q

Are lymphocytes innate or adaptive immunity?

A

adaptive

29
Q

What are lymphocytes?

A

white blood cells called leukocytes that is found in the blood and lymph tissue

30
Q

What kind of cell are B and T cells?

A

lymphocytes

31
Q

What is an antigen?

A

a toxin or foreign substance that triggers an immune response which produces antibodies

32
Q

What is an antigen receptor?

A

a protein anchored to the B or T cell membrane that bind to a pathogen’s epitopes

33
Q

What are epitopes?

A

the part of the antigen to which the antigen receptor/antibody attaches itself

34
Q

How are B cells activated?

A

they bind the antigens on the surface of the pathogen’s membrane

35
Q

What is clonal selection?

A

the process by which antigens trigger lymphocytes to produce antibodies

36
Q

What is adaptive immunity?

A

pathogen-specific responses to infection

37
Q

how are T cells activated?

A

their receptors are can only bind to antigens presented by infected and immune cells

38
Q

What do effector cells do?

A

secrete antibodies

39
Q

What do memory immune cells do?

A

store antibodies an an insurance policy

40
Q

Define immunological memory

A

long-term protection against previous infections

41
Q

What is the primary response of the immune system?

A

the initial response to a pathogen

42
Q

What is the secondary response of the immune system?

A

the response to a subsequent exposure

43
Q

What is a helper T cell’s function?

A

to formally initiate humoral and cell-mediated immunity

44
Q

Define humoral immunity

A

the production of pathogen-specific antibodies by B cells

45
Q

What is neutralization in humoral immunity?

A

antibodies attach to the antigens of a virus preventing it from binding to a host cell

46
Q

What is opsonization in humoral immunity?

A

antibodies promote phagocytosis of the virus by macrophages and neutrophils

47
Q

What is the complement system in humoral immunity?

A

compliment proteins attach to antibodies which form pores in the pathogen’s membrane

48
Q

Define cell mediated immunity

A

when helper T cells and antigen presenting cells activate cytotoxic T cells

49
Q

What is an MHC molecule?

A

the molecule that presents an antigen on the surface of a body cell

50
Q

What are cytotoxic T cells?

A

cells that secrete toxic proteins directly into the infected host cells

51
Q

What causes allergies?

A

exaggerated reaction to antigens (allergens) that activate mast cells to produce histamine

52
Q

What is an autoimmune disease?

A

when the immune system fails to recognize self antigens

Bio 240 Exam 4 (4 decks)

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