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Gen Physiology > Osmoregulation > Flashcards

Osmoregulation Flashcards

1
Q

the process of maintaining salt and water balance (osmotic balance)
across membranes within the body.

A

Osmoregulation

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2
Q

The fluids inside and surrounding cells are composed of (3)

A

water, electrolytes,
and nonelectrolytes.

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3
Q

is based largely on controlled movement of solutes between internal fluids and the external environment

A

Osmoregulation

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4
Q

expend energy to control water uptake and loss in a hyperosmotic or hypoosmotic environment

A

Osmoregulators

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5
Q

maintains the proper balance of electrolytes in the human body, despite external factors such as temperature, diet, and weather conditions

A

Osmoregulation

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6
Q

By diffusion of water or solutes, ____ ensures that optimal concentrations of electrolytes and non-electrolytes are maintained in cells, body tissues, and interstitial fluid

A

osmotic balance

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7
Q

Classification of aquatic animals on basis of Osmotic Regulation (2)

A

-Osmoconformer:
-Osmoregulators

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8
Q

internal osmolarity nears that of the external environment

A

Osmoconformer:

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9
Q

if external conditions change, internal osmolarity changes with it.

A

Osmoconformer:

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10
Q

Maintains internal osmolarity within an narrow range regardless of the external environment.

A

Osmoregulators

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11
Q

Types of Regulation of Blood Plasma (6)

A

-Osmotic regulation
-Osmotic conformer
-Ionic regulation
-Ionic conformity
-Volume regulation
-Volume conformity

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12
Q

maintains a constant or nearly constant osmotic pressure in the blood plasma

A

Osmotic regulation (osmoregulation)

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13
Q

the blood osmotic pressure always equals the osmotic pressure of the environmental water

A

Osmotic conformer

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14
Q

maintains of a constant or nearly constant concentration of an inorganic ion in the blood plasma.

A

Ionic regulation

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15
Q

allows the concentration of the ion in its blood plasma to match the concentration in its external environment

A

Ionic conformity

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16
Q

is the regulation of the total amount of water in a body fluid

A

Volume regulation

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17
Q

refers to completely passive changes

A

Volume conformity

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18
Q

Osmoregulation in different Organisms (2)

A
  • Osmoregulation in a saltwater fish
  • Osmoregulation in a freshwater fish
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19
Q

-Gain of water and salt ions from food and by drinking seawater

-Osmotic water loss through gills and other parts of body surface

A

Osmoregulation in a saltwater fish

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20
Q

-Excretion of salt ions from gills

-Excretion of salt ions and small amounts of water in scanty urine from kidneys

A

Osmoregulation in a saltwater fish

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21
Q

-Uptake of water and some ions in food
- Uptake of salt ions by gills

A

Osmoregulation in a freshwater fish

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22
Q

-Osmotic water gain through gills and other parts of body surface

-Excretion of large amounts of water in dilute urine from kidneys

A

Osmoregulation in a freshwater fish

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23
Q

Classification based on salt tolerance (2)

A

Stenohaline
Euryhaline

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24
Q

animals that can only tolerate a narrow range of salt Concentrations

A

Stenohaline

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25
Q

animals that can tolerate widely variant osmolarities

A

Euryhaline

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26
Q

waste materials (?) excreted by animals (3)

A

-Ammonia
-Urea
-Uric Acid

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27
Q

Animals that excrete ____ need lots of water

A

nitrogenous wastes as ammonia

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28
Q

The liver of mammals and most adult amphibians converts ammonia to less toxic ____

A

urea

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29
Q

The ___ carries urea to the ___, where it is excreted

A

circulatory system; kidneys

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30
Q

Insects, land snails, and many reptiles, including birds mainly excrete ___

A

uric acid

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31
Q

___ is largely insoluble in water and can be secreted as a paste with little water loss

A

Uric acid s

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32
Q

Most excretory systems produce ___ by refining a filtrate derived from body fluids

A

urine

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33
Q

Key functions of most excretory systems: (4)

A

-Filtration:
-Reabsorption:
-Secretion:
-Excretion:

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34
Q

: pressure-filtering of body fluids

A

Filtration

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35
Q

reclaiming valuable solutes

A

Reabsorption:

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36
Q

adding toxins and other solutes from the body fluids to the filtrate

A

Secretion:

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37
Q

removing the filtrate from the system

A

Excretion:

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38
Q

the functional units of the mammalian kidney (2)

A

Nephrons and associated blood vessels

39
Q

___, the excretory organs of vertebrates, function in both excretion and osmoregulation

A

Kidneys

40
Q

The mammalian excretory system centers on ____, which are also the principal site of water balance and salt regulation

A

paired kidneys

41
Q

Each kidney is supplied with blood by a ___ and drained by a ___

A

renal artery; renal vein

42
Q

Urine exits each kidney through a duct called the ___

A

ureter

43
Q

Both ureters drain into a common ____

A

urinary bladder

44
Q

mammalian kidney has two distinct regions:

A

outer renal cortex; inner renal medulla

45
Q

the ___consists of a single long tubule and a ball of capillaries called the __

A

nephron; glomerulus

46
Q

____occurs as blood pressure forces fluid from the blood in the ___ into the lumen of ____

A

Filtration; glomerulus ; Bowman’s capsule

47
Q

The filtrate in ___ mirrors the concentration of solutes in blood plasma

A

Bowman’s capsule

48
Q

From Bowman’s capsule, the filtrate passes through three regions of the nephron:

A

-proximal tubule
-loop of Henle
-distal tubule

49
Q

Fluid from several nephrons flows into a _____

A

collecting duct

50
Q

___ becomes urine as it flows throug the mammalian nephron and collecting duct

A

Filtrate

51
Q

___ and ___ in the ____ change the filtrate’s volume and composition

A

Secretion and reabsorption in the proximal tubule

52
Q

occurs as filtrate moves into the descending limb of the loop of Henle

A

Reabsorption of water

53
Q

In the ____, salt diffuses from the permeable tubule into the interstitial fluid.

A

ascending limb of the loop of Henle

54
Q

The ____ regulates the K+ and NaCl concentrations of body fluids

A

distal tubule

55
Q

The ____ carries filtrate through the ___ to the ___ and reabsorbs NaCl.

A

collecting duct; medulla; renal pelvis;

56
Q

The ___ conserves water by producing urine that is much more concentrated than body fluids.

A

mammalian kidney

57
Q

Filtrates (7)

A

-H2O
-Salts (NaCl and others)
-HCO3–
-H+
-Urea
-Glucose; amino acids
-Some drugs

58
Q

The action and precise arrangement of the ___ and ___ are largely responsible for the osmotic gradient that concentrates the urine.

A

loops of Henle; collecting ducts

59
Q

contribute to the osmolarity of the interstitial fluid, which causes reabsorption of water in the kidney and concentrates the urine

A

NaCl and urea

60
Q

The collecting duct conducts filtrate through the ___, and more water exits the filtrate by __

A

osmolarity gradient; osmosis

61
Q

diffuses out of the collecting duct as it traverses the inner medulla

A

Urea

62
Q

form the osmotic gradient that enables the kidney to produce urine that is hyperosmotic to the blood

A

Urea and NaCl

63
Q

The waste is collected in larger tubules and then leaves the kidney in the ____, which leads to the ___ where urine, the combination of waste materials and water, is stored.

A

ureter; bladder

64
Q

The ___ contains sensory nerves, stretch receptors that signal when it needs to be emptied.

A

bladder

65
Q

These signals create the urge to urinate, which can be voluntarily suppressed up to a limit.

A

sensory nerves and stretch receptors

66
Q

The osmolarity of the urine is regulated by _____of water and salt reabsorption in the kidneys

A

nervous and hormonal control

67
Q

Hormones that help regulate the needs of the body as well as the communication between the different organ systems. (7)

A

-epinephrine,
-norepinephrine,
-renin
-angiotensin,
-aldosterone,
-anti-diuretic hormone
-atrial natriuretic peptide

68
Q

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine is produced in ____

A

Adrenal medulla

69
Q

Renin is produced in

A

Kidney nephrons

70
Q

Angiotensin is produced in

A

Liver

71
Q

Aldosterone is produced in

A

Adrenal cortex

72
Q

Anti-diuretic hormone (vasopressin is produced in

A

Hypothalamus (stored in the posterior pituitary)

73
Q

Atrial natriuretic peptide is found in

A

Heart atrium

74
Q

Can decrease kidney function temporarily by vasoconstriction

A

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

75
Q

Increases blood pressure by acting on angiotensinogen

A

Renin

76
Q

Angiotensin II affects multiple processes and increases blood pressure

A

Angiotensin

77
Q

Prevents loss of sodium and water

A

Aldosterone

78
Q

hormone that Prevents water loss

A

Anti-diuretic hormone (vasopressin

79
Q

hormone that Decreases blood pressure by acting as a vasodilator and increasing glomerular filtration rate; decreases sodium reabsorption in kidneys

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide

80
Q

Causes nephron distal
tubules to reabsorb more
Na* and water, which
increases blood volume

A

Aldosterone

81
Q

-Mediates insertion of aquaporins
into nephron collecting duct cells;
as a result, more water is reabsorbed into the blood
-Increases sodium reabsorption in the medulla of the kidney

A

Anti-diuretic hormone (vasopressin

82
Q

is a hormone antagonistic to the angiotensin pathway

A

ANP/ Atrial natriuretic peptide

83
Q

Triggers release of
other hormones

A

Angiotensin I

84
Q

FLUID BALANCE is Controlled by ___ from the ___

A

ADH; post pituitary

85
Q

ELECTROLYTE BALANCE Controlled by____ from the ___

A

Aldosterone; adrenal cortex

86
Q

When the amount of water in the
body is __, ADH secretion is ___, which increases the ____ from
the distal convoluted tubule and
collecting tubule, thereby secreting a small amount of concentrated
(hypertonic) urine.

A

less; increased;
reabsorption of water (facultative reabsorption);

87
Q

When the water intake is ___, ADH secretion is __, which makes the DCT and collecting tubule ___ to water and a large amount of ___ is excreted

A

more; decreased;
less permeable; dilute urine

88
Q

The concentration of Na+, K+, Cl-, Ca+, Mg+, HCO3-; etc. is regulated by their ___ in the P.C.T.

A

increased or decreased reabsorption

89
Q

.Calcium ion concentration is maintained by (2)

A

-CALCITONIN (thyroid gland)
-PARATHORMONE (parathyroid gland).

90
Q

a hormone secreted by the
adrenal-gland helps in reabsorption of Nat by
excreting K* in exchange, in the DCT & collecting tubule

A

ALDOSTERONE,

91
Q

___ play a major role as an excretory organ in all
vertebrates.

A

Kidneys

92
Q

__ helps in elimination of urea; inorganic salts and water through sweat glands.

A

Skin

93
Q

help in the elimination of CO, and H2O

A

Lungs

94
Q

3 organs that help in the elimination of waste products

A

lungs, skin, kidney

Gen Physiology (6 decks)

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