Animal Physio Flashcards
study the structure and function of the various parts of an animal, and how these parts work together to allow animals to perform their normal behaviors and to
respond to environments. their
Animal physiology
Unifying Themes in Animal Physiology (4)
• Physiological Process obey the laws of Physics and Chemistry
• Physiological processes are usually regulated
• The physiological Phenotype is a product of genotype and environment
• Genotype is a product of evolution, acting through natural selection and other evolutionary processes.
Animals are ___ organism that feeds on ___ matter, ___, have ___ sense organs and capable of ___ response to a specific __.
multicellular; organic; motile; specialized; rapid; stimulus
An animal and its environment are ___, not independent, entities
interrelated
__, ___, and ___ are the “big three” in the set of physical and chemical conditions that set the stage for life.
Temperature; oxygen; water
Ability or tendency of the body or biological systems to maintain stability while adjusting to conditions that are optimal for survival.
homeostasis
Homeostasis came from the word homeo, “__”; stasis, “to __ or ___,” although used here to mean “__”.
similar; stand or stay; state
___ is essential for the
survival of each cell, and each cell, through its specialized activities,
contributes as part of a body system to the maintenance of the internal environment shared by all cells.
Homeostasis
FACTORS OF THE INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT THAT ARE OFTEN HOMEOSTATICALLY REGULATED ARE: (8)
-Concentration of energy-rich molecules.
-Concentration of O2 and CO2.
-Concentration of waste products.
-pH
-Concentration of water, salt, and other electrolytes.
-Volume and pressure.
-Temperature
-Social parameters
Non-dormant cells need a consistent supply of such molecules (both externally and internally) to serve as a metabolic fuel for life-sustaining and specialized cell activities.
Concentration of energy-rich molecules.
Cells need __ to perform chemical reactions that extract from nutrient molecules the most energy possible for use by the cell.
O2
The CO2 produced during these chemical reactions must be balanced by removal of __ from the body so that CO2 does not increase the acidity (H+ concentration) of the ___ environment
CO2; internal
Various chemical reactions produce end products that can be toxic to cells if these wastes are allowed to accumulate beyond a certain limit.
Concentration of waste products.
Among the most pronounced effects of
changes in the pH (acidity) of the internal fluid environment are alterations in the ___
electrical signaling mechanism
concentrations of __ (mainly Na+ and Cl–), __, and __ in the ECF influence regulations of the proper volume of the cells.
salt ions; organic solutes; water
What factor?
The plasma in animals with circulatory systems, must be maintained at an adequate volume and pressure to ensure body wide distribution of this link between the external environment and the cells.
Volume and pressure.
Cells function optimally within a __ temperature range.
narrow
What factor?
homeostasis can extend beyond the individual to a social level. This has been documented in social insects like termites
Social parameters
__ and ___ factors continuously threaten to disrupt homeostasis.
external, internal
Homeostasis should be viewed not as a __ state but as a ___ state in which the changes that do occur are __ by ___.
fixed; dynamic steady; minimized; compensatory physiological responses
Homeostatic Abilities of Animals (3)
Conformers
Regulators
Avoiders
- allow internal conditions to change when faced with variation in external conditions.
Conformers
- maintain relatively constant internal conditions regardless of the conditions in the external environment
Regulators
– not be capable of internal regulation but which nevertheless can minimize internal variations by avoiding environmental disturbances.
Avoiders
Physiological Response (2)
Acute response
chronic response
- are responses exhibited during the first minutes or hours after an environmental change.
Acute Responses
are expressed following prolonged exposure to new environmental conditions.
Chronic Responses
2 types of chronic response
Acclimation
Acclimatization
is a chronic response in which the new environment differs from the preceding environment in just a few highly defined ways
Acclimation
is a chronic response of individuals to a changed environment when the new and old environments are different natural environments that can differ in numerous ways, such as winter and summer, or low and high altitudes.
Acclimatization
Acclimation and acclimatization are types of ___
phenotypic plasticity
: the ability of an individual animal (a single genotype) to express two or more genetically controlled phenotypes.
phenotypic plasticity
a physiological loop system wherein the system responds to a perturbation.
feed mechanisms
Described as the ability of a control system to modify its out as a response to the input.
Feed mechanisms
The most important function of the feedback mechanism in any system is to bring the state of the body into a ___
stable state
3 main components of homeostasis
Receptor
Control center
effector
2 types of feedback mechanism
negative feedback
positive feedback
occurs when a change in a controlled variable triggers a response that opposes the change, driving the variable in the opposite direction of the initial change.
negative feedback mechanism
The loop detects the change in output and acts in the opposite direction to nullify the stimulus causing the change.
negative feedback mechanism
is a pathway that in response to a deviation in the output causes the output to change even more in the direction of the initial deviation.
positive feedback mechanism
progressively amplifies the response as long as the stimulus is continued
positive feedback mechanism
