Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Gen Physiology > Acids and Bases > Flashcards

Acids and Bases Flashcards

1
Q

contains only a single proton; not orbited by any electron; smallest ionic particle

A

Hydrogen ion (H+)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

normal H+ concentration in the extracellular fluid (ECF)

A

38 to 42 nM/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

another term for H+ concentration that is generally used nowadays

A

pH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

introduced in order to simplify the mathematical handling of large numbers

A

pH scale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

An ___ in H+ ion concentration ____ the pH (acidosis) and a ____ in H+
concentration ___ the pH (alkalosis).

A

increase, decreases;
reduction, increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

the pH of the ECF of a healthy person and its range

A

7.40- pH
range: 7.38 and 7.42

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

indirect method of determining pH

A

Henderson-Hasselbalch equation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

In Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, to determine the pH of a fluid, the concentration of ____ and the ____ dissolved in the fluid are measured

A

bicarbonate ions (𝐻𝐢𝑂3
βˆ’); 𝐢𝑂2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

pH of plasma is determined by using an instrument called

A

pH meter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Normal acid-base ratio

A

1:20

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

is an indirect measurement of H+ concentration and it
reflects the balance of 𝐢𝑂2 and 𝐻𝐢𝑂3 βˆ’.

A

pH of arterial blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

two types of acids are produced in the body

A
  1. Volatile acids
  2. Non-volatile acids.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

acids derived from 𝐢𝑂2

A

Volatile acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Large quantity of 𝐢𝑂2 is produced during the
metabolism of ___ and ___

A

carbohydrates, lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

acids that are produced during the metabolism of other nutritive substances
such as proteins.

A

Non-volatile acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

These acids are real threat to the acid-base status of the body

A

Non-volatile acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

sulfuric acid is produced during the metabolism of sulfur containing amino acids such as (2)

A

cysteine and metheonine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

hydrochloric acid is produced during the metabolism of (3)

A

lysine, arginine and histidine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Three mechanisms to regulate acid-base status

A

Acid-base buffer system
Respiratory mechanism
Renal mechanism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

compensatory mechanisms which binds free H+

A

Acid-base buffer system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Compensatory Mechanisms which eliminates 𝐢𝑂2

A

Respiratory mechanism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Compensatory Mechanisms which excretes H+ and conserves the bases (HCO3 –).

A

Renal mechanism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Which compensatory mechanism is the fastest one and readjusts the pH within seconds

A

acid-base buffer system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Which compensatory mechanism
readjusts the pH within minutes

A

respiratory mechanism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Which compensatory mechanism is slower and takes few hours to few days to bring the pH back to normal; most powerful mechanism

A

renal mechanism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

acid-base buffer system is the combination of a ______
and a ______

A

weak acid (protonated substance);
base – the salt (unprotonated substance).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

is the one, which acts immediately to prevent the changes in pH.

A

Buffer system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

maintains pH by binding with free H+.

A

Buffer system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

three types of buffer systems

A

ο‚· Bicarbonate buffer system
ο‚· Phosphate buffer system
ο‚· Protein buffer system.

30
Q

This buffer system is present in ECF (plasma)

A

Bicarbonate buffer system

31
Q

It consists of the protonated
substance, carbonic acid (H2CO3) which is a weak acid and the unprotonated substance, HCO3 –, which is a weak base. HCO3 – is in the form of salt

A

Bicarbonate buffer system

32
Q

prevents the fall of pH in a fluid to which a strong acid like
hydrochloric acid (HCl) is added

A

Bicarbonate buffer system

33
Q

also prevents the increase in pH in a fluid to which a strong
base like sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is added.

A

Bicarbonate buffer system

34
Q

Bicarbonate buffer system:

a weak base and it prevents the increase in pH by the strong NaOH.

A

NaHCO3

35
Q

____ is a very weak base, its association with H+ is poor

A

sodium bicarbonate

36
Q

This buffer system is not powerful like the other buffer systems because of the
large difference between the pH of ECF (7.4) and the pK of ___

A

bicarbonate buffer system (6.1)

37
Q

this buffer system plays an important role in maintaining the pH of body fluids than the other buffer systems

A

Bicarbonate buffer system

38
Q

concentration of two components (H𝐢𝑂3 – and 𝐢𝑂2) of this buffer system is regulated separately by two different mechanisms.

A

Bicarbonate buffer system

39
Q

These two regulatory mechanisms from Bicarbonate buffer system operate constantly and simultaneously, making this system more effective

A

Concentration of H𝐢𝑂3-
concentration of 𝐢𝑂2

40
Q

Which organ regukates the mechanism?

Concentration of H𝐢𝑂3 is regulated by ___
concentration of 𝐢𝑂3 is regulated by ___

A

Concentration of H𝐢𝑂3- kidney
concentration of 𝐢𝑂3- respiratory system

41
Q

Phosphate buffer system is composed of: (2)

A
  • weak acid, the dihydrogen phosphate (H2PO4 – protonated
    substance) in the form of sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH2PO4)
  • the base, hydrogen phosphate (HPO4 – unprotonated substance) in the form of disodium hydrogen phosphate (Na2HPO4).
42
Q

This buffer system is useful in the intracellular fluid (ICF), in red blood cells or other cells.

A

Phosphate buffer system

43
Q

When a strong acid like hydrochloric acid is mixed with a fluid containing phosphate
buffer, _____ is formed.

A

sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH2PO4 – weak acid)

44
Q

If a strong base such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is added to the fluid containing
phosphate buffer, a weak base called _____ is formed.

A

disodium hydrogen phosphate (Na2HPO4)

45
Q

is more powerful than bicarbonate buffer system as it has a
pK of ___, which is close to the pH of the body fluids

A

Phosphate buffer system ;6.8

46
Q

bffer system that is useful in tubular fluids of kidneys

A

Phosphate buffer system

47
Q

In the red blood cells, the ___ ion concentration is higher than the sodium ion concentration.

A

potassium

48
Q

elements of phosphate buffer inside the red blood cells are in the form of ___ and ___

A

potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4); dipotassium hydrogen phosphate (K2HPO4).

49
Q

this buffer systems are present in the blood; both in the plasma and erythrocytes.

A

Protein buffer systems

50
Q

Elements of proteins, which form the weak acids in the plasma are: (3)

A

a. C-terminal carboxyl group, N-terminal amino group and side-chain carboxyl group of glutamic acid
b. Side-chain amino group of lysine
c. Imidazole group of histidine.

51
Q

These buffer systems are more powerful because of their high concentration in plasma and because of their pK being very close to 7.4.

A

Protein buffer systems (plasma)

52
Q

is the most effective protein buffer and the major buffer in blood.

A

Hemoglobin

53
Q

Due to
its high concentration than the plasma proteins, ___ has about six times more buffering capacity than the plasma proteins.

A

hemoglobin

54
Q

The ___ hemoglobin is a more powerful buffer than ___ hemoglobin because of the higher pK.

A

deoxygenated; oxygenated

55
Q

When a hemoglobin molecule becomes ___ in the capillaries, it easily binds with H+, which are released when ____ enters the capillaries.

A

deoxygenated; CO2

56
Q

This organ plays an important role in the maintenance of acid-base balance by removing ___
which is produced during various metabolic activities in the body.

A

Lungs; CO2

57
Q

CO2 combines with water to form ___

A

carbonic acid

58
Q

Since carbonic acid is unstable, it splits into ___ and ___

A

H+ and 𝐻𝐢𝑂3-

59
Q

CO2 is blown off by ___

A

ventilation.

60
Q

When metabolic activities increase, more amount
of ___ is produced in the tissues and the concentration of H+ ___

A

CO2; increases

61
Q

Increased ___ concentration increases the pulmonary ventilation (hyperventilation) by acting through the ____.

A

H+; chemoreceptors

62
Q

Due to ___, the excess of CO2 is removed from the body.

A

hyperventilation

63
Q

Kidney maintains the acid-base balance of the body by the secretion of ___ and by the
retention of ____.

A

H+; HCO3

64
Q

Disturbances of Acid and Bases Status (2)

A

Acidosis
Alkalosis

65
Q

is the reduction in pH (increase in H + concentration) below normal range.

A

Acidosis

66
Q

Acidosis is produced by (2)

A
  1. Increase in partial pressure of CO2 in the body fluids particularly in arterial blood
  2. Decrease in HCO3 – concentration
67
Q

is the increase in pH (decrease in H+ concentration) above the normal range

A

Alkalosis

68
Q

Alkalosis is produced by: (2)

A
  1. Decrease in partial pressure of CO2 in the arterial blood
  2. Increase in HCO3 – concentration.
69
Q

Since the partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) in arterial blood is controlled by lungs, the
acid-base disturbances produced by the change in arterial pCO2 are called the ____

A

respiratory disturbances.

70
Q

disturbances in acid-base status produced by the change in HCO3 – concentration are generally called the ___

A

metabolic disturbances.

71
Q

the acid-base disturbances are (4)

A
  1. Respiratory acidosis
  2. Respiratory alkalosis
  3. Metabolic acidosis
  4. Metabolic alkalosis.

Gen Physiology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions