Intergrative system (Part 2) Flashcards
Problems of Neurotransmitters (4)
• Neurons might not manufacture enough of a particular neurotransmitter
• Neurotransmitters may be reabsorbed too quickly
• Too many neurotransmitters may be deactivated by enzymes
• Too much of a particular neurotransmitter may be released
Five important neurotransmitters include
dopamine,
serotonin, oxytocin,
norepinephrine, and
endorphins
is a chemical substance produced and released by nonneural endocrine cells or by neurons
hormone
it exerts regulatory influences on the function of other, distant cells reached via the blood; and it is effective at very low concentrations
hormone
Hormones released by neurons are often referred to as ___, and the neurons as ____ or ___
neurohormones;
neuroendocrine, neurosecretory cells.
Secretory cells may be organized into discrete organs termed ___
endocrine glands
Classification of Hormone (3)
-Steroid hormones
-Peptide and protein hormones
-Amine hormones
hormones that are synthesized from cholesterol
Steroid hormones
examples of steroid hormones (3)
steroids
cortisol
aldosterone
hormones that are are structured from chains of amino acids
Peptide and protein hormones
examples of Peptide and protein hormones (5)
-antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
-atrial-natriuretic peptide
-FSH
-insulin
-growth hormone
hormones that are modified amino acids; synthesized from tryptophan or tyrosine
Amine hormones
examples of amine hormones (6)
-Melatonin
-thyroid
-catecholamines
-epinephrine
-norepinephrine
-dopamine
Types of Endocrine Cells (2)
Epithelial endocrine cells
Neurosecretory cells
In mammalian hypothalamus, the ___and ____, produce ___ and __ and are released into the blood in the ___
paraventricular nuclei, supraoptic nuclei
oxytocin; vasopressin
pars nervosa
The hypothalamus–posterior pituitary connection illustrates one form of control of endocrine function: _______
neural control ofneurosecretory cells.
which group of Anterior pituitary hormones exert their principal effects on nonendocrine tissues? Give examples (3)
first group;
-Growth hormone (GH)
-prolactin
-melanocytestimulating hormone (MSH).
which group of Anterior pituitary hormones includes hormones that control other endocrine glands? Give an example
second group;
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)/ thyrotropin
The _____ is a neurohemal organ in which the axons of several populations of hypothalamic neurosecretory cells terminate.
median eminence
These cells produce neurohormones that control the secretions of specific groups of anterior pituitary cells.
median eminence
Some hypothalamic neurohormones stimulate secretion of hormones and are called ____
releasing hormones (RHs).
____inhibit secretion of anterior pituitary hormones.
inhibiting hormones (IHs)
as providing an interface between the brain and much of the endocrine system.
Hypothalamo–hypophysial portal system
The ____ is an extension of the brain
posterior pituitary;
The _____although not part of the brain—is under the control of the brain and regulates the functions of many other tissues, including several endocrine glands
anterior pituitary—
A ____ can result from a permeability increase or a permeability decrease.
synaptic potential
