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Network+ > OSI Model > Flashcards

OSI Model Flashcards

1
Q

Used to
- categorize functions of the network into particular layers
- compare technologies across different manufacturers
> by understanding its functions, you can understand how best to
communicate with that device

  • Useful in troubleshooting networks
  • Serves as a reference model in networks
A

OSI Model

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2
Q

Name the layers of OSI Model

A 
Layer 1 - Physical
Layer 2 - Data Link
Layer 3 - Network
Layer 4 - Transport
Layer 5 - Session
Layer 6 - Presentation
Layer 7 - Application

Please Do Not Teach Students Pointless Acronyms

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3
Q

Match different data types to the layers of the OSI Model

A 
Layer 7, 6, 5 - Application, Presentation Session --> Data
Layer 4 - Transport --> Segments
Layer 3 - Network --> Packets
Layer 2 - Data Link --> Frames
Layer 1 - Physical --> Bits

Don’t Some People Fear Birthdays?

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4
Q
  • Transmission of bits across the network
  • Physical and electrical characteristics
    > how bits are represented on the medium
    > wiring standards for connectors and jacks
    > physical topology
    > synchronizing bits
    > bandwidth usage
    > multiplexing strategy
  • Devices in this layer view networks from a topological perspective such as: bus, ring, star, hub-and-spoke, full mesh, partial mesh
A

Layer 1 - Physical

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5
Q

How are bits represented on the medium?

A

Electrical voltage (copper wiring) or light (Fibre optics) represent 1’s and 0’s

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6
Q

If it changed during the clock cycle, then a 1 is represented, otherwise a 0

A

Transition modulation

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7
Q
  • Standard wiring for RJ-45 cables and ports
A

TIA/EIA-568-B

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8
Q

TIA/EIA-568-B is standard wiring for ______ cables and ports

A

RJ-45

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9
Q

Crossover cables use ________

A

T-568A and T-568B

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10
Q

T-568A and T-568B are used in what type of cables?

A

Crossover cables

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11
Q

Re: Layer 1 communication synchronization

  • Uses start bits and stop bits to indicate when transmissions occur from sender to receiver
  • Think of voicemail
A

Asynchronous communication

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12
Q

Re: Layer 1 communication synchronization

  • Uses a reference clock to coordinate the transmission by both sender and receiver
  • Think of a real time phone conversation
A

Synchronous communication

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13
Q
  • Divides bandwidth into separate channels
  • Uses Frequency-Division Multiplexing (FDM)
  • Example: cable TV
A

Broadband bandwidth

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14
Q
  • Uses all available frequency on a medium (cable) to transmit data and uses a reference clock to coordinate transmissions by both sender and receiver
  • Example: Ethernet, telephone
A

Baseband bandwidth

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15
Q

Name an example of broadband bandwidth utilization

A

Cable TV

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16
Q

Name an example of baseband bandwidth utilization

A

Ethernet

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17
Q
  • Each session takes turns, using time slots, to share medium between all users
A

Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM)

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18
Q
  • More efficient version of TDM

- Dynamically allocates time slots on an as-needed basis instead of statically assigning

A

Statistical Time-Division Multiplexing (StatTDM)

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19
Q
  • Medium is divided into various channels based on frequencies and each session is transmitted over a different channel
  • Example: broadband
A

Frequency-Division Multiplexing (FDM)

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20
Q

What layer of the OSI Model are the following cables?

  • Ethernet
  • Fibre optic
A

Layer 1

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21
Q

What layer of the OSI Model are the following radio frequencies?

  • WiFi
  • Bluetooth
A

Layer 1

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22
Q

What layer of the OSI Model are the following infrastructure devices?

  • Hubs
  • Wireless Access Points
  • Media converters
A

Layer 1

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23
Q

Straight-thru cables use ________

A

Typically T-568B on both ends, but could also use T-568A

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24
Q
  • Taking some limited amount of resource and using it more efficiently
  • Allows multiple people to use a baseband connection at the same time
A

Multiplexing

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25
Q 
- OSI Layer that packages data into frames and transmits those frames on the network, performing error detection/correction, and uniquely identifying network devices with an address (MAC), and flow control
     > MAC
     > Physical addressing
     > Logical topology
     > Method of transmission
A

Layer 2 - Data Link

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26
Q

Which layer of the OSI Model uses MAC addresses?

A

Layer 2 - Data Link

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27
Q
  • Physical addressing
    > uses 48-bit address assigned to a network interface card (NIC) by
    manufacturer
    > first 24-bits is the vendor code
    > second 24-bits is a unique value
  • Written hexademically e.g. D2:51:F1:3A:34:65
A

MAC address (Media Access Control)

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28
Q
  • Provides connection services
  • Acknowledgement of receipt of a message
  • The most basic form of flow control
    > limits amount of data sender can send at one time to keep receiver from
    becoming overwhelmed
  • Error control
    > allows receiver to let sender know when an unexpected data frame wasn’t
    received or was corrupted by using a checksum
A

Logical Link Control (LLC)

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29
Q

Re: Layer 2 communication synchronization

  • Network devices use a common reference clock source and create time slots for transmission
  • Less overhead
A

Isochronous

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30
Q

Re: Layer 2 communication synchronization

  • Network devices agree on clocking method to indicate beginning and end of frames
  • Uses control characters or separate timing channel
A

Synchronous

31
Q

Re: Layer 2 communication synchronization

- Network devices reference their own internal clocks and use start/stop bits

A

Asynchronous

32
Q

The following are examples from which layer of the OSI Model?

  • Network Interface Cards (NICs)
  • Bridges
  • Switches
  • MAC Addresses
A

Layer 2 - Data Link

33
Q
  • OSI Layer that forwards traffic (routing) with logical address (e.g. IPv4 or IPv6)
    > Logical addressing
    > Switching (Layer 3 switching) aka routing
    > Route discovery and selection
    > Connection services
    > Bandwidth usage
    > Multiplexing strategy
A

Layer 3 - Network

34
Q

Numerous routed protocols were used for ______ addressing over the years, but only Internet Protocol (IP) remains dominant e.g. IPv4 and IPv6

A

Logical (addressing)

35
Q

Internet Protocol (IP) is an example of what type of addressing?

A

Logical addressing

36
Q

What are the three main ways to forward or route data?

A

Packet switching, circuit switching, message switching

37
Q

Known as “routing”, where data is divided into packets and forwarded
> like mailing a letter

A

Packet switching

38
Q

Packet switching is also known as ______, where data is divided into packets and forwarded

A

Routing

39
Q

Dedicated communication link is established between two devices
> like picking up a phone and making a phone call; for the entire call, the communication is using the same path

A

Circuit switching

40
Q

Data is divided into messages, similar to packet switching, except these messages may be stored then forwarded

A

Message switching

41
Q
  • Routers maintain a routing table to understand how to forward a packet based on destination IP address
  • Manually configured as a static route or dynamically through a routing protocol
    > RIP
    > OSPF
    > EIGRP
A

Route discovery and selection

42
Q
  • Layer 3 augments Layer 2 to improve reliability
  • Flow control
    > Prevents sender from sending data faster than receiver can get it
  • Packet reordering
    > Allows packets to be sent over multiple links and across multiple routes for faster service
A

Connection Services

43
Q

Prevents sender from sending data faster than receiver can get it

A

Flow control

44
Q

Allows packets to be sent over multiple links and across multiple routes for faster service

A

Packet reordering

45
Q
  • Used to send error messages and operational information about an IP destination
  • Not regularly used by end-user applications
  • Used in troubleshooting (ping and traceroute)
A

Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)

46
Q

The following are examples from which layer of the OSI Model?

  • Routers
  • Multilayer switches
  • IPv4
  • IPv6
  • Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
A

Layer 3 - Network

47
Q
  • Dividing line between upper and lower layers of the OSI Model
  • Data is sent as segments
  • TCP/UDP
  • Windowing
  • Buffering
A

Layer 4 - Transport

48
Q
  • Connection-oriented protocol
  • Reliable transport of segments
    > If segment is dropped, protocol detects it and resents segment
  • Flow control through windowing
  • Segment sequencing
  • Acknowledgments received for successful communication
  • Used for all network data that needs to be assured to get to its destination
A

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

49
Q
  • Connectionless protocol
  • Unreliable transport of segments
    > If dropped, sender is unaware
  • No retransmission or windowing
  • No sequencing
  • No acknowledgment
  • Good for audio/visual streaming
  • Lower overhead for increased performance
A

User Datagram Protocol

50
Q
  • Allows the clients to adjust the amount of data sent in each segment
  • Continually adjusts to send more or less data per segment transmitted
    > Adjusts lower as number of retransmissions occur
    > Adjusts upwards as retransmissions are eliminated
  • Layer 4 - Transport
A

Windowing

51
Q
  • Devices, such as routers, allocate memory to store segments if bandwidth isn’t readily available
  • When available, it transmits the contents of the buffer
  • If the bugger overflows, segments will be dropped
  • Layer 4 - Transport
A

Buffering

52
Q

The following are examples from which layer of the OSI Model?

  • TCP
  • UDP
  • WAN Accelerators
  • Load balancers
  • Firewalls
A

Layer 4 - Transport

53
Q

Which layer of the OSI Model?

  • Setting up sessions
  • Maintaining sessions
  • Tearing down sessions
A

Layer 5 - Session

54
Q

A conversation that must be kept separate from others to prevent intermingling of data

A

Session

55
Q

The following are steps to do what?

  • Check user credentials
  • Assign numbers to session to identify them
  • Negotiate services needed for session
  • Negotiate who begins sending data
A

Setting up a session

55
Q

The following are steps to do what?

  • Check user credentials
  • Assign numbers to session to identify them
  • Negotiate services needed for session
  • Negotiate who begins sending data
A

Setting up a session

56
Q

The following are steps to do what?

  • Transfer data
  • Re-establish a disconnected session
  • Acknowledging receipt of data
A

Maintaining a session

57
Q

The following are steps to do what?

  • Due to mutual agreement, after the transfer is done
  • Due to other party disconnecting
A

Tearing down a session

58
Q

The following are examples from which layer of the OSI Model?

  • H.323, used to setup, maintain, and tear down a voice/video connection
  • NetBIOS, used by computers to share files over a network
  • RTP
A

Layer 5 - Session

59
Q

What layer of the OSI Model is NetBIOS?

A

Layer 5 - Session

60
Q
  • Used by computers to share files over a network

- Layer 5 - Session

A

NetBIOS

61
Q

What layer of the OSI Model is H.323?

A

Layer 5 - Session

62
Q
  • Used to setup, maintain, and tear down a voice/video connection
  • Layer 5 - Session
A

H.323

63
Q

RTP

A

Streaming audio, streaming video

64
Q

Streaming audio, streaming video (what Layer 5 protocol?)

A

RTP

65
Q

Which layer of the OSI Model?

  • Responsible for formatting the data exchanged and securing that data with proper encryption
  • Functions
  • Data formatting
  • Encryption
A

Layer 6 - Presentation

66
Q
  • Formats data for proper compatibility between devices
    > ASCII
    > GIF
    > JPG
  • Ensures data is readable by receiving system
  • Provides proper data strictures
  • Negotiates data transfer syntax for the Application Layer (layer 7)
A

Data formatting

67
Q
  • Used to scramble the data in transit to keep it secure from prying eyes
  • Provides confidentiality of data
  • Example: TLS to secure data between your PC and website
A

Encryption

68
Q

The following are example from which layer of the OSI Model?

  • HTML, XML, PHP, JavaScript
  • ASCII, EBCDIC, UNICODE
  • GIF, JPG, TIF, SVG, PNG
  • MPG, MOV
  • TLS, SSL
A

Layer 6 - Presentation

69
Q 
Which layer of the OSI Model?
- Provides application level services
     > Not Microsoft Word or Notepad
- Layer where the users communicate with the computer
- Functions:
     > Application services
     > Services advertisement
A

Layer 7 - Application

70
Q
  • Unite communicating components from more than one network application
  • Examples:
    > File transfers and file sharing
    > E-mail
    > Remote access
    > Network management activities
    > Client/server processes
A

Application Services

71
Q
  • Some applications send out announcements
  • States the services they offer on the network
  • Some centrally register with the Active Directory server instead
  • Examples:
    > Printers
    > File servers
A

Service Advertisement

72
Q

The following are examples from which layer of the OSI model?

  • Email (POP3, IMAP, SMTP)
  • Web browsing (HTTP, HTTPS)
  • Domain Namer Service (DNS)
  • File Transfer Protocol (FTP, SFTP)
  • Remote Access (TELNET, SSH)
  • Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)
A

Layer 7 - Application

Network+ (15 decks)

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