Orthopedic Pharmacology Flashcards
What are the most preferred NSAIDS in patients?
Naproxen and ibuprofen are preferred in most patients
What are the different classes of NSAIDS?
8
Different classes
- Salicylate (acetylated)
- Salicylate (nonacetylated)
- Propionic acids (phenyl-propionic acid)
- Acetic acids
- Oxicams
- Fenamates
- Nonacidic
- Selective Cox-2 inhibitors
PATIENT RESPONSE TO DIFFERENT NSAIDS IS VARIABLE
- How should we manage these if a drug doesnt work initially?
- How long should they be on it?
- Trial for how long before failure?
- Toxic effects usually span all classes such as?
- Reasonable to substitute with a different therapeutic class if failure of one drug
- Trial of 2 weeks and at max anti-inflammatory dose before failure is considered
- However, toxic effects – usually span all classes
Example: renal failure
- Describe the MOA for NSAIDs. 3
- COX-1 enzymes? 4
- COX-2 enzymes? 2
- Inhibit cyclooxygenase which impairs the transformation of:
- Arachadonic acid →
- prostaglandins →
- prostacyclin and thromboxanes
2. COX-1 enzymes Regulates normal cellular processes -(gastric cyctoprotection, -vascular homeostasis, -platelet aggregation, -kidney function)
- COX-2 enzymes
- Expression of this is increased during states of inflammation
- Effects of COX-2 inhibition on inflammation is not completely understood
Adverse affects of NSAIDS?
9
- GI
- Renal
- CV
- Liver
- Pulmonary
- Hematologic
.7 Malignancy - Dermatologic
- Healing of MSK injuries
SOME ORGAN SPECIFIC NSAID ADVERSE REACTIONS
- Renal? 7
- Hepatic? 3
- Pulmonary? 3
- Hematologic? 2
- Renal
- Renal vasoconstriction**
- acute renal failure,
- hypertension,
- hyperkalemia,
- hyponatremia,
- edema,
- increased risk of renal cell cancer - Hepatic
- Can cause elevation of liver transaminases
- Actual NSAID associated liver injury is rare
- May be disease specific (more common in SLE and RA) - Pulmonary
- Adverse events seem to be more likely to be related to nonselective COX 1/2 inhibitors and less likely with selective COX 2 inhibition
- Bronchospasm
- Pulmonary infiltrates with eosinophilia - Neutropenia
- Antiplatelet effects due to inhibition of COX-1
SOME ORGAN SPECIFIC ADVERSE REACTIONS: Hematologic?
1. For most NSAIDs platelet function normalizes within how long of discontinuation of the drug? (When for ibuprofen)
- But still need to continue what for carrdioprotection if using NSAID therapy?
- What may increase INR?
- Higher risk of bleeding with what?
- 3 days (24 hours)
- ASA
- Interaction with warfarin, may increase the INR
- Higher risk of bleeding with anticoagulant use
Adverse affects of NSAIDS cont
- CNS? 3
- Skin? 2
- CNS
- Aseptic meningitis
- Tinnitus
- Psychosis and cognitive impairment - Skin
- Drug rash or pseudoporphyria (blistering with sun exposure)
- Blistering skin lesions that may be potentially life threatening
Tinnitus usually occurs with what?
Treated how?
Psychosis more common with?
And more commonly seen in who?
- Usually with salicylates but can occur with all NSAIDs
- Usually reversible upon drug discontinuation
- More common with indomethacin
- Most common in the elderly
NSAID skin reactions:
Blistering skin lesions that may be potentially life threatening. Such as? 2
- TENS
2. Stevens-Johnson syndrome
NSAID affects on fractured healing:
- May cause?
- Avoid for how long post fracture
- May cause non-union (approximately 1%)
- May want to avoid NSAIDs for up to 90 days post fracture
Data is not clear, more studies needed
NSAID CONTRAINDICATIONS: REMEMBER NSAID
Nursing or pregnancy Serious bleeding Allergy/asthma/angioedema Impaired renal function Drug (anticoagulants)
SALICYLATE (ACETYLATED)
- What drug is in this group?
- How is it different from other classes?
- Dont use to treat what?
- What may dampen its antiplatelet ability?
- Should you continue with the addition of another NSAID?
- Aspirin is the only one in this group
- Different from the other classes by irreversible platelet inhibition for the life of the platelet
- Don’t use to treat pain, just use for it’s CV protective effects
- Other NSAIDs may dampen it’s anti-platelet effects
- Usually continue chronic aspirin use if adding another NSAID for pain management
PROPIONIC ACIDS
Which drugs are these? 2
- Naproxen
- Aleve
- Naprosyn - Ibuprofen
- Advil
- Motrin
NAPROXEN
- Avilable how?
- Long, short, intermediate acting?
- Advantage?
- 2 formulations?
- Dosing?
- Max daily dose?
- Available over the counter
- Long acting
- Less CV risk compared to the others
- 2 formulations: Naproxen base and Naproxen sodium
- Dose (200 mg naproxen base = 220 mg naproxen sodium)
Naproxen base: 250-500 mg every 12 hours
Naproxen sodium: 275-550 mg every 12 hours
-Has a quicker onset of action than the base formulation - maximum daily dose: Day 1: 1250 mg naproxen base; subsequent daily doses should not exceed 1000 mg naproxen base
Anaprox DS 550 mg, 1 tab po BID is the max dose of per day
(what drug is this?)
good for?
Aleve (naproxen sodium) comes in 220mg tabs
Good choice for treatment of acute or chronic pain if an NSAID is indicated
IBUPROFEN
- Avilable how?
- Duration of effect?
- Alternative to?
- Max dose?
- Usual anagelsic dose?
- Available over the counter
- Short duration of effect
- Alternative to naproxen
- Max dose 2400 mg per day (up to 3200 mg on day 1 if loading dose is used)
May give a loading dose of up to 1600 mg - Usual analgesic dose is 400 mg every 4-6 hours
ACETIC ACIDS
Drugs?
- IV Ketorolac (Toradol)
2. Indomethacin (Indocin)