Orthopaedics Flashcards
What is a complication that may occur following fractures that is characterised as raised pressure within a closed anatomical space?
Compartment syndrome
How to treat compartment syndrome?
Prompt and extensive fasciotomy
IV fluids
What arteries supply the head of the femur?
Circumflex arteries
Inter medullary artery
Ligamentum teres artery (only 10%!)
How do you treat non-displaced intercapsular fracture of the femur?
CHS (cannulated hip screw)
What are the 4 joints of the shoulder?
Glenohumeral
Acromioclavicular
Sternoclavicular
Scapulothoracic
How to treat extra capsular intertrochanteric fracture of the femur?
DHS ( dynamic hip screw)
What are the scientific names for tenis elbow and golf elbow?
Tennis= lateral epicondylitis Golf= medial epicondylitis
How to treat extra capsular sub trochanteric fracture of the femur?
IM Nail
Define galeazzi fracture
Fracture of distal third of radius causing dislocation of ulna
What is a fracture of the proximal 3rd of the ulna causing dislocation of the proximal head of the radius called?
Monteggia fracture
How do you treat displaced intra capsular fracture of the femur?
Hip replacement
What are the features of colles’s fracture?
Transverse fracture of the radius 1 inch proximal to the radio-carpal joint with Dorsal displacement and angulation
Fall onto extended outstretched hands
Described as a dinner fork type deformity
Cause and feature of Smith’s fracture
Opposite of colles’ fracture
Volar angulation of distal radius fragment (Garden spade deformity)
Caused by falling backwards onto the palm of an outstretched hand or falling with wrists flexed
What are the names of the carpal bones?
Some scaphoid Lovers lunate Try triquetral Positions pisiform That trapezium They trapezoid Can’t capitate Handle hamate
What are the clinical tests for carpal tunnel syndrome ?
Tinel test ( tap between thenar eminences) Phalegn’s test ( have patient flex wrist for 60 seconds )
What organism is likely to be responsible for infection of prosthetic joint replacement?
Staphylococcus aureus
What is the Gold Standard Imaging for osteomyelitis?
MRI Scan
What are the radiographic hallmarks of severe osteoarthritis?
Loss of joint space
Osteophytes
Subchondral cysts
Subchondral sclerosis
What is the typical clinical appearance of NOF?
Externally rotated and shortened leg
What is the main adverse effect of Bisphosphonate ?
Oesophagitis- must advise to take 30mins prior to breakfast and to drink a lot of water
What are the main principles of fracture treatment?
Reduce
Stabilize and preserve blood supply
Rehabilitate
What is the WHO definition of osteopenia?
Bone mineral density that is 1 deviation below that of the average young subject from the same race and sex.
What is the WHO definition of osteoporosis?
Bone mineral density that is 2.5 standard deviation below that of the average young subject from the same race and sex.
What is the average time of fracture healing in children?
4 weeks for upper limb fractures
6-8 weeks for lower limb fractures
Name 5 Red Flags of back pain
Age <20 or >50 Saddle anesthesia Leg weakness Bladder or bowel symptoms Progressive or constant pain with pain at night or lying down Trauma History of cancer Alcohol/ drug use Weight loss
What is the main modifiable risk factor for osteoarthritis?
BMI
What is the common distribution of osteoarthritis in the hands?
Carpometocarpal joints (CMC) Distal interphalangeal joints (DIP) Proximal interphalangeal joints (PIP)
What is the name of a common condition ( in 4-8yr olds) resulting from avascular necrosis of the femoral head due to interruption of blood supply to femoral epiphysis.
Perthes Disease
What are the causes of dupuytren’s contraction?
manual labour
phenytoin treatment
alcoholic liver disease
trauma to the hand
