Orthopaedics Flashcards

1
Q

How does fat embolism present?

A

Fever
Petechial rash
Respiratory distress
Cerebral involvement

After fracture of long bone

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2
Q

What are signs of a scaphoid fracture?

A
Tenderness over the anatomical snuffbox
Pain on ulnar deviation
Pain on telescoping of the thumb
Wrist joint effusion
Loss of grip/pinch strength
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3
Q

What is a subtrochanteric hip fracture and how is it managed?

A

Fracture below the lesser trochanter

managed with intramedullary screw

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4
Q

What is seen on XR in osteomyelitis?

A

Periosteal reaction
Local osteopenia
Cortical loss
Bone lysis

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5
Q

How is sciatica managed?

A

1) NSAIDs/codeine

2) Amitriptyline/Duloxetine

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6
Q

What are causes of spinal stenosis?

A

Herniated disc
Degenerative changes
Spinal fracture

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7
Q

Which nerve is compressed in meralgia paraesthetica?

A

Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve

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8
Q

What is Osgood-Schlatter disease?

A

Growth of the tibial tuberosity due to multiple minor avulsion fractures

Leads to tender lump on tibial tuberosity

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9
Q

What are RF for achilles tendinopathy?

A

Quinolone abx
Sports
Increased cholesterol (due to tendon xanthomata)

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10
Q

What is Morton’s neuroma and how does it present?

A

Benign neuroma in between toes
Most commonly in between 3rd and 4th toes
Burning/shooting worse when walking
Mulder’s click – painful click when MTP squeeze

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11
Q

How does lateral epicondylitis present?

A

Pain on resisted Supination + extension

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12
Q

How does medial epicondylitis present?

A

Pain on resisted pronation + flexion

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13
Q

How can you tell the diff between trigger finger and Dupuytren’s?

A

Trigger finger = painful, can be passively moved

Dupuytren’s contracture = no pain, cannot be passively straightened

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14
Q

What are RF for carpal tunnel syndrome?

A
Pregnancy
Obesity
Diabetes
Acromegaly
Hypothyroidism
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15
Q

What are features of carpal tunnel syndrome?

A

Sensory: Pain and pins and needles in the thumb/index/middle finger
Motor: weakness of thumb abduction. Wasting of thenar eminence.

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16
Q

How do you manage a patella fracture?

A

If undisplaced can be managed conservatively

If displaced needs surgery

17
Q

Which movement is reduced in SUFE?

A

Internal rotation

18
Q

What is the management of hip dislocation?

19
Q

What is the management of shoulder dislocation?

A

Reduction - may not need analgesia/sedation

20
Q

What is sublaxation of the radial head?

A

Most common upper limb injury in children under the age of 6

Analgesia + passively supination of the elbow joint whilst elbow flexed to 9 degrees

21
Q

What is the initial management of an ankle fracture?

A

Prompt closed reduction to remove pressure

22
Q

What are causes of cauda equina syndrome?

A
Herniated disc
Tumour/metastases 
Spondylolisthesis 
Abscess 
Trauma
23
Q

What are causes of trochanteric bursitis?

A

Friction
Trauma
Inflammatory conditions
Infection

24
Q

What XR sign is pathognomonic for a posterior shoulder dislocation?

A

Lightbulb sign

25
Posterior vs. anterior hip dislocation
anterior dislocation- abducted + externally rotated. no leg shortening! posterior dislocation - adducted + internally rotated. leg shortening! Posterior = most common!
26
What is cubital tunnel syndrome and how does it present?
Compression of the ulnar nerve as it passes through the cubital tunnel Tingling and numbness of the 4th + 5th fingers Pain worse on leaning on elbow
27
What is a Charcot foot?
AKA Neuropathic jont joint body is damaged/disrupted due to loss of sensation usually largely swollen, loss of sensation Destruction of the bones Most commonly seen in diabetics
28
What are signs of osteogenesis imperfecta?
Several fractures during childhood Long bowing Short stature Hearing loss Blue sclerae
29
When does pain in the ankle warrant an x-ray?
Bony tenderness at the posterior edge of the medal or lateral malleolus Inability to bear weight for 4 steps
30
Management of a scaphoid fracture
Initial management = Immobilisation with either a Futuro splint or a below elbow backstab Then refer to orthopaedics 
Orthopaedic management = Undisplaced = cast for 6-8 weeks Displaced = surgical fixation
31
What is Finkelstein’s test?
Test for DeQuervain’s tenosynovitis Examiner pulls the thumb of the patient in ulnar deviation + longitudinal traction In tenosynovitis - pain over the radial syloid process and along the extensor pollicis breves and abductor pollicis longs
32
What two tendons are affected in DeQuervain's tenosynovitis?
Extensor pollicis brevis | Abductor pollicis longus
33
What imaging can be used to confirm a Morton's neuroma?
Ultrasound
34
What Is the ulnar paradox?
proximal lesions of the ulnar nerve produce a less prominent deformity than distal lesions Ulnar nerve damaged at wrist —> claw appearance Ulnar nerve damaged at elbow —> less marked clawing. Gets worse before getting better.
35
What is the most common type of shoulder dislocation?
Anterior dislocation - glenohumeral
36
Which artery supplies the scaphoid bone?
Dorsal carpal branch of the radial artery