Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Medicine Finals: HARD STUFF ONLY > Endocrinology > Flashcards

Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

What is Chvostek’s sign and when is it seen?

A

Twitch of the facial muscles that occurs when gently tapping the parotid

Hypocalcaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is Trousseau’s sign and when is it seen?

A

Carpopedal spasm of the hand and wrist occurs after an individual wears a blood pressure cuff inflated over their systolic blood pressure for 2 to 3 minutes

Hypocalcaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How is hypocalcaemia treated?

A

Calcium gluconate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What lab results are seen in Cushing’s syndrome?

A 
Hypokalaemic metabolic alkalosis
Hyperglycaemia
Hypertension
Hypernatraemia
Hypokalaemia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the different types of results you can get for 8mg Dexamethasone suppression test and what do they mean?

A

ACTH + Cortisol suppressed = Cushing’s disease
ACTH suppressed, cortisol not suppressed = ACTH independent e.g. adrenal adenoma
ACTH and cortisol not suppressed = Ectopic ACTH production (e.g. small cell lung cancer)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are features of adrenal insufficiency?

A

Lethargy
Weakness
Weight loss
Salt craving

in Addison’s - palmar crease hyperpigmentation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What lab results are seen in adrenal insufficiency?

A

Hyperkalaemia
Hyponatraemia
Hypotension
Hypoglycaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How does an Addisonian crisis present?

A

Reduced consciousness + Same labs you see in Addison’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How is an Addisonian crisis managed?

A

IV Hydrocortisone

Treatment of hypoglycaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What autoantibodies are seen in T1DM?

A

Insulin antibodies
Islet cell antibodies
Anti-GAD antibodies

Also low C-peptide levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are symptoms and signs of a DKA?

A

Symptoms:
Abdominal pain
Nausea/vomiting
Polyuria+polydipsia

Signs:
Fruity ketone smelling breath
Kussmaul breathing
Dehydration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are side effects and CIs to Metformin

A

Side effects=
Diarrhoea
Lactic acidosis

CI=
Recent MI
CKD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are side effects and CIs to a DPP4 Inhibitor?

A

Side effects=
URTI
GI system upset
Pancreatitis

Not that effective

-gliptin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are side effects and CIs to Pioglitazone?

A 
Side effects=
Weight gain
Fluid retention
Anaemia
Heart failure
Increased risk of bladder cancer
Increased risk of fractures

CI=
Heart failure
History of bladder cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are side effects and CIs to Gliclazide?

A

Side effects=
Weight gain
Hypoglycaemia

CI=
People who drive for their job

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are side effects and CIs to SGLT2 inhibitors?

A 
Side effects=
Euglycaemic DKA
Fouriers gangrene
Increased risk of UTIs
Weight LOSS
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Which autoantibodies are seen in Hashimoto’s?

A

Anti-TPO

Anti-thyroglobulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Which autoantibodies are seen in Graves’ disease?

A

TSH receptor stimulating antibodies

Anti-TPO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How does a thyroid storm present?

A 
Thyroid storm
Tachycardia
Reduced consciousness
Fever
Confusion
Nausea+vomiting
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How is a thyroid storm managed?

A

Hydrocortisone/Dexamethasone + Propranolol + Propylthiouracil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Which diabetes drugs cause weight gain?

A

Gliclazide

Pioglitazone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Which diabetes drugs cause weight loss?

A

SGLT2 inhibitors
GLP1 memetic
Metformin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How is a prolactinoma managed?

A
  1. Cabergoline/Bromocriptine

2. Trans-sphenoidal surgery if medical management has not been successful

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How does acromegaly present?

A 
Large tongue
Large hands and feet
Protruding jaw
Large forehead
Increased sweating
Symptoms of the tumour
25
Q

How is acromegaly investigated? How is it managed?

A
  1. Insulin like growth factor
  2. Oral glucose tolerance test + serial growth hormone levels
  3. MRI Pituitary

Management

  1. Trans-sphenoidal surgery
  2. Octreotide if surgery not suitable
26
Q

How is SIADH treated?

A

Tolvaptan

27
Q

How does carcinoid syndrome present?

A 
Abdominal pain
Flushing
Bronchospasm
Diarrhoea
Hypotension
28
Q

How is carcinoid syndrome diagnosed?

A

Raised urinary 5HIAA

29
Q

How is carcinoid syndrome managed?

A

Octreotide

30
Q

What is a pheochromocytoma and how does it present?

A

Adrenal adenoma secreting catecholamines (adrenaline and noradrelinane)

Hypertension
Headaches
Palpitations
Sweating
Anxiety
31
Q

How is pheochromocytoma diagnosed?

A

24 hour urinary collection of metanephrines

32
Q

How is phaechromocytoma managed?

A

First stabilise with Alpha blocker (Phenoxybenzamine)

then beta blocker (propranolol/labetalol)

33
Q

How does a myxoedema coma present?

A

Bradycardia
Hypothermia
Hyporeflexia
Confusion

34
Q

What is MEN I?

A

3 P’s
Parathyroid (hyper)
Pituitary
Pancreas

Hypercalaemia

35
Q

What is MEN IIa?

A

2 P’s
Parathyroid
Phaechromocytoma

Associated with medullary thyroid cancer

36
Q

What is MEN IIb?

A

1 P

Phaechromocytoma

37
Q

What is seen on XR in hyperparathyroidism?

A

x

38
Q

Is kallman’s or Klinefelter’s associated with anosmia?

A

Kallmann’s

39
Q

How is Graves disease seen on thyroid scintigraphy?

A

Diffuse, homogenous increased uptake

40
Q

How is toxic multi nodular goitre seen on thyroid scintigraphy?

A

Patchy uptake

41
Q

How is subacute thyroiditis seen on thyroid scintigraphy?

A

Globally reduced uptake

42
Q

What is the first line imaging for thyroid nodules?

A

Ultrasonography

43
Q

How to manage a new change in vision in someone with a history of hyperthyroidism?

A

Urgent ophthalmology referral

44
Q

How often should T1DM patients check glucose whilst driving?

A

Every 2 hrs

45
Q

What is the first line insulin regime in a newly diagnosed T1 diabetic?

A

Basal bolus + twice daily insulin detemir

46
Q

What can cause a lower than expected HbA1c?

A

Sickle cell anaemia
G6PD
Hereditary spherocytosis

47
Q

What can cause a higher than expected HbA1c?

A

Splenomegaly
Vitamin B12/folate deficiency
Iron deficiency anaemia

48
Q

What should capillary glucose targets be for a T1 diabetic?

A

On waking = 5-7

Before meals = 4-7

49
Q

How is T2DM diagnosed?

A

Fasting glucose >7
Random glucose >11
HbA1c >48

If patient is asymptomatic - this must be demonstrated on two occasions
If patient is symptomatic - one reading is sufficient

50
Q

What is impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance?

A

Impaired glucose tolerance = 2 hour oral glucose tolerance is between 7.8 and 11.1

Impaired fasting glucose = fasting glucose is between 6.1 and 7

51
Q

Which autoantibodies are most common in Graves disease?

A

TSH receptor stimulating autoantibodies

52
Q

What are side effects of corticosteroids?

A

Endocrine = impaired glucose regulation in diabetics, increased appetite and weight gain, hirsutism

Cushing’s = moon face, buffalo hump, striae

Musculoskeletal = osteoporosis + proximal myopathy

Psychiatric = insomnia, mania, psychosis, depression

Immunosuppression

Peptic ulcers

Growth suppression in children

Neutrophilia

IIH

53
Q

How does Kallman’s present?

A 
Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism
Delayed puberty
Hypogonadism (small testes)
Anosmia
Low FSH and low LH
54
Q

How does Klinefelter’s present?

A 
Tall
Lack of secondary sexual characteristics
Infertile
Gynaeocmastia
Low testosterone
High FSH and LH
55
Q

What is androgen insensitivity syndrome?

A

X-linked recessive condition
End organ resistance to testosterone - genotypical male child which presents with a female phenotype

Primary amenorrhoea
Groin swellings due to undescended testes

56
Q

How can you grade the severity of Graves eye disease?

A 
NOSPECS
No signs/symptoms
Only signs (upper lid retraction)
Signs and symptoms
Proptosis
Extra-ocular muscle involvement
Corneal involvement
Sight loss
57
Q

What signs are specific to Graves disease and not other types of hyperthyroidism?

A

Exophthalmos
Ophthalmoplegia
Pretibial myxoedema
Digital clubbing

58
Q

DKA guidelines- fluids

A

If systolic BP <90 - fluid bolus

If systolic BP >90 - can just give 1L over 1 hour

59
Q

What is the most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism?

A

Solitary parathyroid adenoma

Medicine Finals: HARD STUFF ONLY (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions