ortho and pedo Flashcards
what is a pediatric dentist and what age range are they allowed to treat
a pediatric dentist is a specialty concerned with neonatal through adolescent patients
- also patients with special needs
what are the blacks classifications and what part of the teeth are affected
class I - posterior pits and fissures and linguals of anteriors
class II - proximal surfaces of posterior teeth
class III - proximal surfaces of anterior teeth
class IV - proximal and incisal surfaces of teeth
class V - gingival third
class VI - cusp tips of posterior teeth
what are the types of ages
chronologic age: a childs actual age
mental age: a childs level of intellectual capacity and development
emotional age: childs level of emotional maturity
what are eriksons stages of development
- learning basic trust - childs basic needs are met and develops trust and security (birth to 12 months)
- autonomy - toddler starts moving and moves from babbling to simple sentences, becomes friendly or fearful of people (1-2 years old)
- play age - starts following simple instructions, child requires control (3-5 years old)
- school age - learns to get along with people, accepts social requirements (6-11 years old)
- adolescence - acquires self-certainty, develops set of ideals (12- 20)
what is the frankel scale
1 : definitely negative
- refusal of treatment
- crying
- fearful
- extreme negativism
2: negative
- reluctant to accept treatment
- uncooperative
- evidence of negative attitude
- follows directions
3: positive
- acceptance of treatment
- cautious at time
- willing to comply
- follows directions
4: definitely positive
- good rapport
- interested in dental procedures
- enjoying situation
what are the techniques used with challenging patients
sedation/antianxiety - taken orally for children to put them at ease
nitrous oxide - most frequently used by form of gas
physical restraint - a dentist, assistant or parent holding a child, or a papoose board
why would a papoose board be used
would be used to orevent the child from hurting themselves by movingwh
what type of child would a papoose board be used on
an anxious or nervous child
a child with special needs who have limited control over their movement
when would a papoose baord not be used
would not be used on older kids
what is a pulpotomy
complete removal of the coronal portion of the dental pulp
what are two types of medication used during a pulpotomy appointment with a pediatric child
mineral trioxide aggregate and calcium hydroxide
what is trisomy 21
down syndrome
- a chromosomal deficit that results in atypical physical charcateristics and mental impairment
what is autism
a developmental disorder that affects how information is processed in the brain
- difficulty in social interaction, verbal and nonverbal communication
what is cerebral palsy
term used to describe a group of nonprogressive neural disorders from pre or postnatal brain damage
what is the difference between intrusion, extrusion and avulsed
intrusion - displacement of tooth into its socket as a result of injury
extrusion - displacement of tooth from its socket
avulsed - tooth is torn away or dislodged by force
classify malocclusion using angles classification
class 1 - malalignment, crowding or spacing (mesognathic)
class II
- division 1: overbite where max anterior protrude outwards (retrognathic_
- division 2: max incisors retrude inwards
class III - underbite (prognathic)
osteoblasts
cells that form bone
osteoclasts
cells that resorb bone
depostion
process where body adds new bone
resorption
body’s process of eliminating existing bone
tipping
movement occurs when a single force is applied to crown of tooth
primate spaces
natural spaces in between primary teeth
diastema
spaces in between permanent teeth
what is a cephalometric scanner
shows bony and soft tissue areas of facial profile
what is a bitewing
shows the crowns of both arches on one film
what is a PA
shows the cown, roottop and surrounding structures
what is a panoramic scan
shows wide view of both upper and lower jaws
what is the difference between an objective fear and a subjective fear
subjective fear - based on feelings, attitudes and concerns that is suggested from peers and family members
objective fears - learned fears related to the patients experience and their memories of those experiences
how are ortho and pediatric offices designed
open bay concept
lots of distractions for patients
what is an activator
designed to mix materials together
what is a space maintainer
used to reserve space until the permanent tooth erupts
what is a mouth guard
protects the teeth during contact sports
what are the types of retainers
hawley - retains teeth in new position (normal)
lingual - canine to canine and holds the anterior teeth in place
what are the functional appliances
bionator
frankl appliance
twin block
herbst
what is a bionator
fits on the upper and lower teeth and positions the jaw forward
what is a frankl appliance
fixes malocclusions
what is a twin block
repositions the jaw
what is a herbst appliance
encourages lower jaw movement
what are the different malocclusions
overbite - max jaw overlaps mand jaw
overjet - excessive protrusion of max incisors
crossbite - max teeth are in lateral malalignment with teeth
open bite - lack of vertical overlap creating an opening of anterior teeth
underbite - mand teeth protruding in front of max anterior teeth
ectopic - abnormal direction of tooth eruption
what is a panoramic scanner used for
used to view eruption process of primary and permanent teeth and amount of space available for eruption
what is a ceph scanner used for
extraoral radiographs that evaluates anatomical bases for malocclusionw
what are open contacts
enough space in between teeth in radiographs where teeth are not overlapping
at what age would prolonged habit cause malocclusion
beyond the age of 5
when should we begin to intercept and encourage discontinuing the habit for children
intercept beyond the stage of mixed dentition
describe why genetics affect dentition and how it can cause malocclusion
a child can inherit their parents teeth or jaw size
- sizes do not align and cause overcrowding, poor occlusion
name environmental factors that can cause malocclusion
- fetal moulding
- trauma during birth\
- tongue thrusting
- thumb and finger sucking
- bruxism
- mouth breathing
what ages will environmental factors affect dentition
beyond age of 5
how do you intercept some environmentl habits
bluegrass appliance
how are diagnostic casts fabricated and why are they useful
created manually with plaster or digitally
- used for diagnosis of patient and analyze space of dentition
what is preventive ortho
allows dentist to prvent irregularities and malposition developing
what is interceptive ortho
allows dentist to correct problems as they develop
corrective ortho
improves existing problems with movement of teeth and malocclusions
what are serial extracts? why is it done and what does it entail
done to increase proper ratio between tooth size and arch
- it is premature removal of teeth
what are the ortho stages
medical and dental history - undertand physical condition and ortho concerns
physical growth evaluation - how fast child grows and signs of sexual maturity
social and behavioural evaluation - patient eexpectations from treatment
clinical exam - document, measure and evaluate facial aspects
diagnostic records - photographs, rads, diagnostic casts
case presentation - reviews info and develops a treatment plan and cost
financial arrangement - formal contract for payment
what is a separator and why is it important
a device made from wire place in interproximal to separate molars before fitting bands
what is an arch wire
contoured wire that provides force to correct malalignment
how would you measure arch wires
trying it on patients diagnostic model
what are arch wires made of
stainless steel
nickel titanium
beta titanium
optiflex
why are the make of arch wires important
serves asa a pattern for how the arch will take its shape
what are procedural steps for bonding brackets
- tooth is cleaned with prophy cup and pumice
- tooth is isolated with cotton roll
- etchant gel is placed
- ortho applies a liquid sealant
- bonding material placed on back of bracket
- ortho places bracket and moves it to place with scaler
- ortho removes excess bonding material
- document procedure
why do you use pumice prior to bonding apposed to prophy paste
provides more retention and roughness
what are the different power products and why theyre used
elastic chains - closes spaces between teeth
elastics - helps close spaces between teeth and correct occlusal relationships
elastic thread - tubing used to close or aid in eruption of impacted teeth
comfort tubing - enhances patient comfort by covering arch wire
what is a headgear (components and when should you not wear headgears)
an appliance that can be used before braces to move and realign teeth
- composed of face bow and traction device
what is an ortho scaler
places brackets and removes elastic rings
ligature scaler
guides elastic wire
band seater / scaler
seater - seats posterior metal bands
scaler - removes excess cement and removes elastics
bite stick
seats molar bands
bracket forceps
carries and places bounded brackets
bird beak pliers
forms and bends wires
three pronged pliers
closes and adjusts clasps
contouring pliers
fits bands for fixed or removeable appliances
posterior band remover pliers
removes bands without placing stress on teeth
weingart utility pliers
placement of arch wires
pin and ligature wire cutter
cuts ligature wires
howe 110 pliers
manipulates ligature wires
wire bending pliers
used to hold and bend wires
elastic separating pliers
places separators between molars
band seater
helps seatin bands
mathieu needle holder
ties ligature and places elastics
wire bending pliers
cuts thin ligature wires
distal end cutting pliers
cuts distal ends of arch wire
bracket positioning star boone gauge
measures bracket height
boley gauge
determines tooth dimensions
