Endodontics Flashcards
final
what is a subjective examination
an examination that includes evaluation of symptoms or problems described by the patient
- chief complaint
- character and duration of pain
- painful stimuli
- sensitivity to biting and pressure
what is an objective examination
an examination made by endodontist who evaluates the status of the tooth and surrounding tissues
- extent of decay
- periodontal conditions surrounding tooth
- presence of extensive resto
- tooth mobility
- swelling or discolouration
- pulp exposure
what is a percussion test
dentist taps the incisal or occlusal surface of the tooth with end of mouth mirror handle and is held parallel to the long axis of tooth
what is a palpation test
dentist applies firm pressure to the mucosa above the apex of the root to notice any sensitivity or swelling
what is a control tooth and why is it used
a healthy tooth used to compare questionable teeth of similar size and structure during pulp vitality testing
what type of radiograph is needed in endodontics
good quality radiographs
what are the symptoms of pulpal nerve damage
- pain when occluding
- pain during mastication
- sensitivity to hot or cold beverages
- noticeable facial swelling
- fever
- tenderness of the surrounding gums
- crack or discoloured teeth
what is a chief complaint
description of symptoms, problems, conditions by patient
what is reversible pulpitis
occurs when the pulp is irritated and the patient is experiencing pain to thermal stimuli
- eliminating irritant and placing sedative material may save the pulp
what is irreversible pulpitis
displays symptoms of lingering pain
- root canal therapy and extraction is only treatment option
what kind of bur would be used in the initial entry of a tooth for a root canal procedure
round bur or inverted cone
what are k-type files used for
for initial entry and cleaning of the canal
what is a Hedstrom file used for
used for final enlargement of canal and provides greater cutting efficiency
what is a Reamer filed used for
removes dentin structures and smooths and increases size of canal
what is a broach and when is it used
a thin, flexible, tapered metal hand instrument with projections
- removes vital, inflamed hemorrhagic pulp tissue from the canal
what is biochemical cleaning
an irrigation solution that acts as a disinfectant to destroy bacteria in the canal and to wash away debris
what is electric pulp testin and how does it work
a test used in endo diagnosis to determine whether a pulp is vital or nonvital
- delivers small electrical stimulus to pulp
how is a heat test performed
small pea-sized piece of gutta percha is heated or end of an instrument, and placed on facial surface of teeth
what is a direct pulp cap
a procedure that is indicated when the pulp has been partially exposed
- calcium hydroxide is placed
what is an indirect pulp cap
a temporary procedure where most of the carious dentin in deep cavity is not removed
- liner or temp resto is placed and cavity is reopened after a period of time and remaining carious dentin is removed
describe the procedural steps in electric pulp vitality testing
- describe procedure to pt, and explain they may feel tingling or warmth
- identify teeth to be tested, isolated and dried
- set the dial at zero
- place thin layer of toothpaste on tip of tester
- test control tooth first and place tip on cervical third of facial surface
- gradually increase level of current until it is felt, and document level
- repeat procedure on suspect tooth
- document
what is a gates glidden bur used for
to enlarge the walls of the pulp chamber
what is a pesso file
used when tooth requires a post prep
how would you know the difference between the pesso file and gates glidden bur
the pesso file is used to elongate the canal opening, the gates glidden bur is used to enlarge the walls
- gates glidden bur is smaller
what does a rubber stop prevent
prevents perforation (going past apex)
what are paper points and how are they used
paper points are sterile absorbent pieces of paper rolled into narrow poinrs
- held with locking pliers and inserted into canal to absorb irrigation solution
can air be blown into the canal? why?
no, because it will put bacteria and debris into the blood stream and tooth
what is the chemical commonly known as household bleach
sodium hypochlorite
what is parachlorophenol used for
it is an antibacterial agent used to prevent infections in root canals
what is the name of the solution used as an intracanal medicament for pulpotomies on primary teeth
calcium hydroxide
what is a fistula
canal
what does obturation refer to
the process of filling a root canal
what is debridement
to remove or clean out the pulpal canal
for anterior tooth, access to the canal for an endo procedure would be through which surface
lingual surface
for posterior tooth, access to the canal for an endo procedure would be through which surface
occlusal surface
what is a trial point cone
an appropriately sized gutta-percha point that is cut to a predetermined length used to obturate the pulpal canal
what is a master cone
trial point that is now being used for permanent placement
what is the lentulo spiral instrument used for
used to properly distribute root canal sealer and cement evenly throughout the root canal
what is gutta percha and what is it used for
material taken from a palaquium gutta tree that is used to obturate the pulpal canal
what is the estimated working length and reference point
estimated working length
- knowing the length of the completed canal prep and root canal filling
reference point
- measuring from the highest point on the incisal or occlusal surface to determine length of canal
what is a glick number 1 used for
used for placement of temporary restorations and removal of excess gutta percha
what does the endodontic spoon excavator do
removes coronal pulp tissue
what are pluggers
has a flat tip, used to condense
what is a lentulo spiral
spins root canal sealer in canal
what is an endodontic explorer
used in locating the canals
what is a spreader and what does it do
has a pointed tip and is used to apply lateral pressure during condensation
what is a pesso file used for
used in preparation for a post
what is a barbed broach and what does it do
has fish like hook projections that removes vital, hemorrhagic pulp tissue from the canal
what do the gates-glidden burs do
used to enlarge the walls of the pulp chamber
what does the electronic apex locator do
used to prevent perforation of the apex
what is a retrograde restoration
done when the apical seal is not adequate
- a small filling prep is made at the apex and is sealed with filling materials
what is an apicoectomy
surgical removal of the apical portion of root
what must be done to the master cone tip before it is placed permanently into the canal
must be coated with a sealerw
what is the difference between hemisection and a root amputation
hemisection - procedure where the root and crown and are cut lengthwise (usually for mand)
root amputation - used to remove on or more roots without removing the crown
what are the 5 types of radiographs used for endodontic treatment
initial radiograph - taken during diagnostic stages before treatment
working length time - taken once the pulp has been opened and is used to determine the length og the canal
final instrumentation image - taken with the final size files in all canals receiving treatment
root canal completion image - taken of the completed canal filled after the toth has been temporized and the dental dam removed
recall image - radiographic image is taken at post-treatment evaluations
what is pulpitis
indicates that pulpal tissue have become inflamed
what is a periradicular abscess
an inflammatory reaction to pulpal infection
acute periradicular abscess
an inflammatory response with pain, tenderness of the tooth to pressure, pus and swelling of the tissue from necrosis
periodontal abscess
an inflammatory reaction that is frequently cause by bacteria entrapped in the perio sulcus
periradicular cyst
develops at or near the root of a necrotic tooth, an inflammatry response to pulpal infection and necrosis of the pulp
pulp fibrosis
decrease of living cells within the pulp, causing fibrous tissue to take over the pulpal canal
necrosis
used to describe a tooth that does not respond to a sensory stimulus
perforation
making a hole beyond the apex of tooth
what are the 4 typs of irrigation solutions that can be used
sodium hypochlorite - antimicrobial and solvent on necrotic pulp
edta - removal of inorganic portion of smear layer and dentin debris
chlorhexidine - antibacterial with lower cytotoxicity and no foul smell or taste
hydrogen peroxide - colourless liquid with disinfectant and bleaching properties
