Ortho Flashcards

1
Q

Common ortho congenital defects?

A
  • clubfoot (most common)
  • developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH)
  • legg-calve-perthes disease (hip osteonecrosis)
  • spine deformities (scoliosis and kyphosis)
  • muscular dystrophy
  • limb defects
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2
Q

What is clubfoot? How common? Tx?

A
  • Talipes equinovarus
  • 1/1000 births, 50% bilateral
  • anatomic changes: talus plantar flexed, heel cord tight, fore foot adducted/supinated
    tx:
  • most can be tx conservatively
  • Ponseti method: casting +percutaneous heel cord lengthening (gold std)
  • severe, long-standing deformity may require several surgeries
  • serial casting, bracing
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3
Q

What is DDH? Incidence? Presentation?

A
  • loss of normal femoral head-acetabular relationship/stability: 2.7-17/1000 live birhts
  • caused by physiological and mechanical factors: ligamentous laxity, hormonal and familial factors, breech position and congenital deformities
  • wide range of presentations:
  • hip that is reduced but is unstable and can be dislocated
  • dislocation can be reduced
  • fixed dislocation that can’t be reduced
  • bony deformities that reqr surgery
  • all cases may not be detectable at birth: late cases are not always cases of missed dx
  • routine sonography isn’t cost effective
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4
Q

What is Barlow and ortolani test?

A
  • barlow: hip is reduced but can be dislocated
  • ortolani: hip is dislocated but can be reduced
    (clunk positive sign while being reduced)
  • lack of full abduction: hip is out and it can’t be reduced
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5
Q

Tx of DDH?

A
  • depends on extent of defomrity and if hip can be reduced
  • if hip can be reduced, harness or pillow first 6 months of life, confirm reduction with u/s after 3 weeks, effective 90% of time
  • if hip won’t stay in, reduce under anesthesia, hold with spica cast: confirm reduction with U/S after 3 weeks, femoral head isn’t visible on x-ray for 4-6 months
  • if it still won’t stay in: need surgery, femoral and/or acetabular osteotomy
  • if femoral head can be held in normal relationship with socket: pt will develop a normal hip
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6
Q

Hip abduction devices?

A
  • pavlik harness (most common)
  • Frejka pillow
  • boch harness
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7
Q

What is Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease?

A
  • males 3-11
  • loss of blood supply to femoral head:
    head can collapse and subluxation of femoral head, eventually revascularizes, but may not occur until fixed deformity present
  • variable hip/knee sxs: limping and pain
  • limited internal rotation and abduction of hip
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8
Q

Tx of Legg-Calve-Perthes disease?

A
- reduce pressure on femoral head:
relative rest
braces, crutches
traction
adductor muscle release
- correct resulting deformity: femoral and/or acetabular osteotomy (later on in life)
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9
Q

What is scoliosis, diff types?

A
  • lateral curvature of spine of more than 10 degrees by cobb method (become concerned when over 25 degrees)
  • types:
    idiopathic
    congenital
    secondary
    neuromuscular
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10
Q

Idiopathic scoliosis? Forms?

A
  • infantile (birth -3 yrs): 1%
  • juvenile (4-9): 12-21%
  • adolescent (10 yrs - end of growth): 80-90%
  • forms:
    lumbar, thoracic, thoracolumbar
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11
Q

Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis?

A
  • lateral curvature of spine with rotation in child older than 11 without any obvious cause
  • most common type
  • typically right thoracic curve
  • frequency: 1.9-3%
  • family hx: 30%
  • more severe forms more common in females
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12
Q

Dx adolescent idiopathic scoliosis?

A
  • adam’s forward bend test
  • radiographic exam: AP and lat full length of spine while standing
  • MRI: useful if neuro deficits, neck stiffness or HA
  • usually R scapulae becomes more prominent
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13
Q

What is kyphosis? More common in who?

A
  • increased thoracic curvature in saggital plane
  • postural: usually seen in girls, gentler, more pliable curve
  • corrects with time/bracing
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14
Q

What is Scheuermann’s disease?

A
  • more severe: in boys more, but not that common
  • osteochondrosis of the spine
  • ring apophyses don’t develop normally, resulting in wedged vertebra
  • sharper, more rigid curve
  • may need surgical correction
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15
Q

What is muscular dystrophy? Signs?

A
  • progressive weakness and wasting of muscles
  • onset: 3-5, genetic: primarily males
  • clumsiness, frequent falls, **difficulty climbing stairs, running, riding bike, waddling gait, breathing muscles become affected, life threatening infections common
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16
Q

Dx and tx of muscular dystrophy?

A
  • dx: bx, EMG

- tx: PT/OT, bracing, surgery (scoliosis)

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17
Q

Tx of limb defects?

A
  • live with deformity

- referral to ortho specialist for reconstruction surgery

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18
Q

Normal musculoskeletal variants?

A
  • metatarsus adductus
  • axial rotation
  • idiopathic toe walking
  • pes cavus (flat foot)
  • angular variations:
    genu varus (bow legged)
    genu valgus (knock-knees)
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19
Q

What is metatarsus adductus?

A
  • excessive amt of adduction of metatarsals relative to long axis of foot
  • **most common congenital foot deformity
  • female more than males affected
  • left more than right
  • most likely cause: intrauterine restriction
  • 85-90% resolve spontaneously by 1
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20
Q

Management of metataruss adductus?

A
  • flexible metatarsus adductus: stretching 5x at each diaper change
  • flexible MA beyond 8 mo: referral for biweekly casting, correction usually achieved in 3-4 casts
  • extreme adduction of great toe: surgical release of abductor hallucis done b/t 6-18 months of age
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21
Q

Toe in axial rotation causes?

A
  • internal femoral torsion (too much hip anteversion) - results from W sitting
  • internal tibial torsion (most common cause): results from intrauterine positioning
  • metatarsus adductus
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22
Q

Toe-out axial rotation causes?

A
  • external femoral torsion (too much hip retroversion): results from intrauterine positioning
  • external rotation contracture
  • external tibial torsion
  • flat foot
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23
Q

Tx of axial rotation at diff ages? When is surgery considered?

A
  • infant: good sleeping positions (back or side)
  • toddler: good sitting habits (avoid sitting in positions with exaggerated lower limb deformation)
  • nocturnal bar (dennis browne bar) for internal tibial torsion present after 18 months
  • weekly corrective casting for 4-5 weeks if no better by age 4

surgery if:
-failure to correct spontaneously with growth, gross asymmetric deformity, sx evolving congenital or neuromuscular conditions

24
Q

What is idiopathic toe walking? Assoc with?

A
  • walk with toe-toe gait pattern in absence of any known cause
  • dx of exclusion
  • prevalence not well described
  • may have good ankle ROM or more fixed contractures
  • etiology unclear
  • typically seen in kids less than 4
  • often assoc with subtle neuro abnormalities such as speech and language delay
25
What is tx if contracture is present in idiopathic toe walking?
- PT/OT (stretching, strengthening, and gait training) - orthotics (night and day) - serial casting (if past age 4) - surgical heel cord lengthening if pt fails conservative tx and are older than 4-5
26
What is flat foot? Tx?
- immature foot - normal foot variant (most toddlers have flat feet) - low arch heel valgus - arch starts to form around age 4 - no need for formal tx - can try wedge but orthotics not necessary and are costly (esp in growing child)
27
What is genu varum? Etiologies?
- bow legs - physiologic bowing: usually corrects by age 2 - metabolic bowing: vit D deficiency (rickets) - blounts disease: damage to epiphysis - may need bracing or surgery
28
What is genu valgum?
- knock knees - most correct spontaneously - braces and modified shoes not effective - after 11-13 may need surgery for marked deformity - likely to have patellar instability later on if not fixed early on
29
Common ped ortho injuries?
- slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) - radial head dislocation (nursemaid elbow) - ped fractures - osteochondrosis - patellofemoral arthralgia (PFA) - anterior knee pain - spondylolysis
30
SCFE - Most common in who and increased with what? Unstable and stable? What movements are restricted?
- most common from 9 yrs to end of growth - more prevalent in males - increased frequency with endocrine disorders; hypothyroid, renal disease, growth and sex hormone imbalance - obesity increases likelihood ( places more stress across femoral epiphysis) - unstable: sudden, severe pain with limp - stable: limp with groin pain, variable medial knee and or anterior thigh pain - 36% will later involve opp side - restricted internal rotation, abduction and flexion
31
Dx and tx of SCFE?
- X-rays: AP, frog leg lateral - mild slips: subtle changes on frog leg view only - complications: avascular necrosis (AVN), chondrolysis, osteoarthritis - immediate referral: surgical pin or screw placement
32
What is radial head dislocation? Tx?
- Nursemaid's elbow - subluxation or dislocation injury from sudden pull of child's arm - elbow becomes locked in slight flexion with forearm pronation dx: - patient guards elbow and refuses to use arm - may be swollen and tender with palpation of radial head - xray often normal tx: gentle supination of hand while flexing elbow with thumb placing gentle pressure over radial head, may use sling for a few days as needed for comfort
33
Common ped fractures?
- growth plate (epiphyseal) fractures (high %, pt of least resistance of bone) - supracondylar humerus fracture - wrist/forerm fractures - clavicle fractures
34
Why do kids have such a good ability to heal fractures?
- kids have ability to remodel bone unlike adults - this ability diminishes with age and closure of growth plates - can accept a surprising amt of displacement and plastic deformity
35
Growth plate (physeal) fractures complications?
- many childhood fractures involve the physis - 20% of all skeletal injuries in children - can disrupt bone growth - injury near but not at physis can stim bone to grow more
36
Salter harris classification of growth plate fractures?
SALTR - type 1: slip - type 2: above - type 3: lower - type 4: through - type 5: rammed
37
Supracondylar humerus fractures - when do thes occur? may be assoc with what kind of fracture? What other type of injury are you worried about?
- most common fracture around elbow in kids: 60% of elbow fractures - occurs from fall on outstretched hand (trampolines!): ligamentous laxity and hyperextension of elbow impt mechanical factors - may be assoc with distal radial or forearm fractures so check wrist and forearm as well! - worried about nerve injury - incidence is high, b/t 7-16%: median, radial and ulnar nerve - anterior interosseous nerve injury most comonly injured nerve - do neurovascular exam - pulse, cap refill!! - carefully document pre-manipulation exam: post manipulation neuro deficits can alter decision making
38
Tx of supracondylar humerus fracture?
- long arm cast for stable/non-displaced fractures - percutaneous fixation with K wires for unstable fractures - look at rotation!
39
Common wrist/forearm fractures?
- 1. torus (buckle) fractures: usually nondisplaced - strong periosteum, subtlem may be best seen on lateral - 2. greenstick fractures: disruption of only one cortex - 3. complete (transverse) fractures: break through both cortices
40
Tx of torus fractures?
- no reduction needed: if older than 48 hrs, ok to cast at first visit - otherwise splint and cast at 5-7 days - short arm cast for 4 weeks - repeat x-rays at weeks to show evidence of healing - splint add 2 weeks after cast removal
41
Tx of greenstick fractures?
- short arm cast if non-displaced if displaced more than 15 degrees: - reduce and immobilize in long arm splint, 4 weeks in cast after swelling improves, 2 weeks in splint after cast is removed - usually do long cast, don't want to allow arm to supinate or pronate
42
Tx of complete fractures?
- non-displaced fractures =short arm cast for 2-6 weeks - displaced fractures= reduce ASAP and cast - older the child, longer the immbolization - if x-rays are normal initially but there is tenderness over growth plate: immobilize for 2 weeks, bring child back in 2 weeks to re-examine and re-xray - if no callus - fracture unlikely
43
Distal radius fractures? Why so common, result from what? What should you check?
- peak injury time coorelates with peak growth time - bone is more porous - most injuries result from FOOSH - check sensation: median and ulnar nerve: nerve injury more likely to occur with significant angulation of fragment or with sig swelling - examine elbow (supracondylar) and wrist (scaphoid) - bleeding and swelling can cause acute carpal tunnel syndrome
44
Clavicle fractures - how common? Most occur when? Tx?
- most common ped fracture - in children, 90% of middle third (good blood supply) - almost half of all clavicle fractures occur under age 7 - younger than 10, most are non-displaced, older than 10, most are displaced - stable injuries, tx with sling or figure of 8 splint for 2 weeks
45
What is osteochondrosis? Causes?
- apophyseal injury - pain at tendonous insertions at secondary ossification centers (apophyses) - causes: increase in activity level, increase in mass, and puberty - common examples: osgood schlatter (patellar tendon-tibial tuberosity), and sever disease (achilles-calcaneus)
46
Osgood schlatter - general features? Tx?
- inflammation where patellar tendon inserts on tibia - leaves a lump - prominent, tender tibial tubercle - clinical dx - x-rays may show aphophysitis (widening of growth plate) - majority of the time: pt outgrow it (closure of physis) tx: - conservative (same as PFA) - eccentric strengthening - iontophoresis/steroid (US) - brace/pressure band - excision of detached/fragmented bone fragment (risk: weakening tendon insertion)
47
Tx of osteochondrosis?
- conservative: rest, NSAIDs, ice, PT, casting/boot (sever's disease - prevents pulling of achilles) - surgical: indicated for avulsion of apophysis greater than 1 cm
48
What is patella-femoral arthralgia (PFA)? CLinical dx?
- chondromalacia patellae: more common in girls (4:1) - means sore kneecap, common, frustrating but not serious - inflammation of articular surface of patella, vague, diffuse anterior discomfort - clinical dx: overuse more than acute injury - anterior knee discomfort, pain with stairs, can't sit with bent knee - increased Q angle, tender undersurface of patella, tight hamstrings, weak quadriceps - if you have valgus knees (tibial or femoral torsion): at risk for developing this
49
Tx of PFA?
- responds to good management: PT - exercise programs, setting realistic goals, may need to involve parents - conservative: relative rest PT (quad strengthening) ice and NSAIDs patellar stabilization brace (if assoc instability) -surgical: rarely indicated where underlying anatomy is abnormal may need lateral release and/or tibial tubercle osteotomy
50
What is spondylolysis? Dx? tx?
- stress fracture of pars - repetitive hyperextension of back: gymnastics, football, wrestling, rowing - progressive low back pain with activity: radicular sxs are rare, may progress to slip (spondylolisthesis) - Dx: xray, CT, bone scan or MRI: look for neuro sxs - Tx: rest, brace, rare cases: fusion
51
What is acute septic arthritis and why is it an emergency? most common jt affected? most common organism?
- pyogenic bacteria invade a synovial jt - ped incidence has close correlation with osteomyelitis!! - most common jt: hip* and elbow - most common organism: staph aureus (cover for MRSA) - emergency!!!
52
Presentation of acute septic arthritis in infants?
- may develop with few clinical manifestations - tenderness - increased warmth over jt in question - pseudoparalysis: pain with movement of jt - painful restriction - fever and WBC misleadingly slight (jt will be red hot!!!)
53
Presentation of acute septic arthritis in older kids?
- severe pain: pain with passive motion, won't move jt themselves - protective muscle spasm (guarding) - marked tenderness - fever (not all the time) - elevated WBC - elevated ESR/CRP
54
Eval of acute septic arthritis? Tx?
- C&S blood,urine - xray - US: very useful for guiding injection, esp in hip jts - immediate needle aspiration: inspect aspirate (cloudy), C&S, gram stain, crystals (rule out gout) - refer immediately for surgical washout (I&D) - empiric IV abx: 3rd gen cephalosporin and penicillinase resistant synthetic PCN - MRSA should be covered with either clindamycin or vanco
55
Open fractures - how serious are these? Easy to see?
- fracture with overlying skin compromise - may be subtle | - reqrs IMMEDIATE referral to ortho: must be washed out w/in 24 hrs