Immunizations Flashcards
1
Q
What vaccine preventable disease kills the most kids annually?
A
- measles (745,000/1.5 mill total vaccine preventable deaths)
2
Q
What is herd immunity?
A
- ability of a community to resist epidemic disease
- not every person in a pop has to be immunized in order for a community to be resistant to an epidemic disease
- unvaccinated individuals are indirectly protected by vaccinated individuals, as the latter will not contract and transmit the disease b/t infected and susceptible individuals
3
Q
Active immunizations?
A
- antigen admin (either live, killed or derivative such as protein polysaccharide of microorganism) or toxoid (deactivated toxin)
- provides long term immunity
- meaningful immunity often not achieved until 2-4 wks after vaccination
- live versions more efficacious and provide longer lasting immunity than nonliving vaccines
4
Q
Passive immunization?
A
- admin of preformed ab (immunoglobulin)
- results in immediate protective immunity
- short term though (typically lasts only 3-6 months)
5
Q
Times when immunoglobulin therapy (passive immunization) is used?
A
- mother is HBsAg +, then HBIG is given within 12 hrs of birth
- Palivizumab (Synagis) is RSV immune globulin that is admin to children at risk for severe RSV
6
Q
Live virus immunizations?
A
- MMR
- Varicella
- Zoster
- Nasal-spray Flu vaccine
- Yellow fever (not std in US)
- Oral polio
- typhoid (not std in US)
- TB (BCG - not std in US
7
Q
Admin more than 1 live vaccine at same time?
A
- should be done on same day at diff injection site or 4 weeks apart
8
Q
Most common side effects of vaccines in kids?
A
- mild side effects:
fever and local rxns at site of injection
9
Q
True vaccine CIs?
A
- previous anaphylactiv rxn to specific vaccine
- hx of anaphylaxis to eggs or egg protein - avoid measeles, mumps, influenza and yellow fever vaccines
- previous anaphylactic rxn to neomycin or streptomycin: avoid MMR
- hx of severe systemic rxns to cholera, typhoid or plague vaccine
- adults who are immunocompromised - avoid live vaccines
- household members of immunocompromised pts have to avoid oral polio vaccine - if vaccine induced disease occurs it could be transmitted to immunocompromised individual
- pregnant women: avoid all live virus vaccines
10
Q
Common misconceptions about vaccine CIs?
A
- not a CI to admin vaccine in pt with mild respiratory, intestinal, or flu-like illnes, low grade fever or hx of recent illness
- mild or moderate local rxns are not CI
- hx of seizures isn’t a CI
- hx of non-vaccine assoc demyelinating conditions (MS or guillain-barre syndrome) not a CI to vaccine admin)
11
Q
Hep B vaccine infant schedule?
A
- 3 doses
- 1st: birth
- 2nd: 6-8 wks of age
- 3rd: 4-18 months
- some babies get 4 doses if giving combo vaccine using Hep B is used (Pediarix)
12
Q
What is done for babies born with high risk of getting Hep B?
A
- for babies born to HBsAg+ mothers, admin HepB vaccine and 0.5 mL of HBIG w/in 12 hrs of birth
- these infants should be tested for HBsAg and ab to HBsAg 1-2 months after completion of HepB series
13
Q
Strep pneumo is leading cause of what? And what else can it cause in young children?
A
- leading cause of bacterial pneumonia worldwide and principal cause of sepsis and meningitis, especially in kids younger than 2 yo.
- incidence of invasive pbeumococcal disease has declined 60-90% in kids since PCV13 has been added to routine immunization schedule
14
Q
Recommended immunization schedule for PCV13?
A
- IM 0.5 mL/dose
- primary 1: 6-8 wks
- 2: 4 months
- 3: 6 months
- booster: 12-15 months
15
Q
HIB used to be leading cause of what before HIB vaccine?
A
- leading cause of childhood meningitis, pneumonia, and epiglottitis
- incidence has fallen more than 99% since prevaccine era
