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ROME GCSE (OCR) > Origins of the Republic, 509-494 BC > Flashcards

Origins of the Republic, 509-494 BC Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two orders

A

Patricians - those whose brith and heritage gave them access to the political system
Plebeians - those who could not stand for a magistracy of goverment position

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2
Q

By when were the two orders well established

A

3rd century BC

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3
Q

Who introduced the orders according to the foundation myth

A

Romulus

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4
Q

Plebeians

A

Most common
Made up most of the army
Evidence points to the plebeians being organised into a large hoplite force
Some wealthier plebs may have been part of the eques class. They were given a state horse and fought alongside the cavalry

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5
Q

Rural plebeians

A

Labourers or farmers
(Livy and Dionysius): Biggest issue for them was access to land – may have been true for time of writers, but not 5th century

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6
Q

Urban Plebeians

A

Skilled workers with their shops attached to their homes
Evidence found in archaeology

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7
Q

Patricians

A

Livy and Dionysius: descended from the noblest families who settled in Romulus’ Rome
100 of the earliest patricians made up the Senate
During time of Kings, membership is fluid
Not sure how, but, some plebs became patricians
Provided the generals and administrators

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8
Q

Magistrate

A

an elected office-holder who had responsibility in the Roman state

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9
Q

dictator

A
  • magistrate
  • appointed for 6 months to deal with a national emergency or crisis
  • in full control of the army and the government during term
  • replace consuls
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10
Q

praetor

A
  • Roman magistrate who supported the consuls
  • usually an army commmander
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11
Q

consul

A
  • one of two annually elected magistrates
  • shared leadership of Rome and influenced political decisions
  • Replaced kings
  • protected Rome or seeked glory
  • not elected in successive years
  • if one disagreed with the other he could block the other’s decision
  • performed auspices before battle
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12
Q

Why might the patrician class have been closed

A

When the Republic developed the patricaians, wanting to protect their power, closed it so that fewer people could become magistrates

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13
Q

Tarquinius Collatinus

A

Cousin of Tarquinius Superbus’ sons
Husband of Lucrieta
First co-consul of Brutus

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14
Q

What does Livy’s story of the downfall of the Roman kings start with

A

A drinking game

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15
Q

Where was the drinking game that begun the fall of the kings

A

The siege of Ardea

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16
Q

What were the royal wives doing when their husbands returned to spy on them
What was Lucrieta doing

A

The royal wives were drinking heavily
Lucrieta was working hard with her maids

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17
Q

Lucretia

A

Wife of Tarquinius Collatius

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18
Q

Father of Lucrieta

A

Spurius Lucretius

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19
Q

What did Lucrieta do before killing herself

A

Made her huband, father, and their companions vow revenge

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20
Q

Why did Lucretia submit to Sextus

A

To save her husband’s career

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21
Q

What did Brutus do after Lucretia’s death

A

Swore revenge, and that he would remove Tarquinius Superbus and his family from power

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22
Q

Tullia

A

Wife of Tarquinius Superbus

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23
Q

Junius Brutus

A

One of Tarquinius Priscus’ grandsons
Superbus’ Nephew
Played a fool so as to avoid his uncle’s wrath

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24
Q

What happened to Junius Brutus’ brother

A

Murdered by Tarquinius Superbus

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25
What did the Oracle at Delphi tell Brutus and Superbus' sons
That the first to kiss his mother would be the next king
26
What did Brutus translate the Oracle of Delphi's message as
That the first to kiss the earth would be the next king
27
Why does Livy claim Brutus played the fool
he was very amitious
28
What position did Brutus hold at the time of Lucretia's death What did this grant him
Tribune of the celeres Gave him control of the king's bodyguard and the power to call an assembly
29
What does Brutus do after the death of Lucretia
Calls an assembly Delivers a revolutionary speech Outlines the crimes of Superbus and demands his immediate exile
30
What is the reaction to Brutus' revolutionary speech
The people agree
31
What happened when Lucius Tarquinius Superbus returned to Rome after Brutus had called the assembly
He was refused entry to Rome Superbus and most his family went into exile
32
Where did Sextus go when Superbus was exiled
Gabii
33
What do soil samples from the 6th century show
That Rome experienced destruction could be from invasoin, fire, or revolution
34
Who were the first two consuls of the Roman Republic
Junius Brutus Tarquinius Collatius
35
Why did Collatius step down from consulship Who replaced him
Collatius realised that for the republic to succeed all of the Tarquin family should leave He was replaced by Publius Valerius Publicola
36
What did the Senate do when Superbus demanded the return of his property
They agreed, rejecting Brutus' request that they should deny it
37
Why did Brutus want to sieze Superbus' land
as compensation for his tyrannical actions
38
What was the Tarquin conspiracy
Superbus' family asked leading partricians to join a conspiracy to murder Brutus Publius Valerius discovered the plot Brutus' sons were involved in the plot Brutus ordered the execution of all the conspirators
39
What did the Senate do when they heard of the conspiracy to murder Brutus
Changed their mind, and siezed Superbus' land
40
Lictor
attendants that protected the magistrates Each lictor carried fasces to show the power of the magistrate
41
Censor
* **elected from assembly** * elected **for five years** * responsible for **administratoin of Rome** * **performed the census,** drew up **who could attend the Senate**, and decided **contracts for public work** * csensus also **decided which class every citizen belonged to** * **maintained public morals** and **organised state building projects** * **not given lictors**
42
Master of the Horse
Dictator's deputy * held dictator to account * made sure they did not abuse their powers
43
Senator
* had to be a landowner * usually came from the most powerful families * gave advice to consuls and kings * controlled the treasury * important role in development of the city, and its relationships with its neighbours * probably seen as a council of elders by most people
44
The Latin League
a collection of Latin cities which co-operated to maintain peace and encourage trade Tarquinius Superbus was most powerful member until his exile
45
Battle of Silvia Arsia
509 or 508 BC Valerius commanded the army Brutus commanded the cavalry Superbus and his son Arruns commanded the Etruscan forces Arruns searched the battle for lictors When he found them, surrounding Brutus. he turned his horse to strike. They killed each other Valerius drove the enemy back, but suffered heavy losses
46
Year of the Battle of Silvia Arsia
508 or 509 BC
47
Who killed Junius Brutus
Arruns, son of Tarquinius Superbus
48
Immediate aftermath of the Battle of Silvia Arsia
Valerius arranges state funeral for Brutus but does not immeidiatly seek a replacement consul
49
Who were the allies of Superbus in the Battle of Silvia Arsia
* Veii – he promised them revenge on the Roman amry * Tarquinii – long supporters of the familly, they volunteered
50
Who was chosen as Valerius' co consul after Brutus' death
Marcus Horatius
51
What laws did Valerius introduce
* Anumber of laws to guarantee **fair prices for plebeians** * Gave the **plebs a right to appeal against magistrates** who unfairly prosecuted them
52
What was Valerius' nickname
Publicola 'Friend of the People'
53
What happened when Valerius was elected consul again
* he strengthened Rome's walls * rebuilt Rome's legions * made sure, along with his co consul, that the pleb's animals were moved into the mountains to keep them safe during the war * a law was passed to make sure the plebs didn't have to contribute to the first year of the next war
54
Lars Porsena
King of Clusium On Tarquinius' request, demanded Rome return Superbus' posessions. Rome refused, and so war was declared
55
What did Lars Porsena's army take
The Janiculum
56
Horatius Cocles
Distant relative of the surviving Roman triplet volunteered alongside two others to defend the bridge into Rome from Lars Porsena's men and allow the Romans to retreat
57
Fate of Horatius Cocles
Defended the bridge until the others had retreated and destroyed the bridge Livy: jumped in the rive, got a spear in the buttocks Polybius: drowned in the river
58
What happened after Horatius Cocles's last stand
The plebeians fled the city to support Superbus The consuls appealed to the Latin League, but it would not help
59
Gaius Mucius Scaevola
approached the senate and presented them with a plan to assassinate Porsena had a good knowledge of Etruscan customs
60
What happened to Marcius Scaevola's assassination attempt
He killed the king's secretary Arrested Told Porsena that he was the first of 300 men who would try to kill him Porsena offered Rome a comprimise
61
Terms of Lars Porsena's withdrawl from Rome
He would end the war if Veii was guaranteed independence and hostages were provided to Clusium
62
Cloelia
Hostage sent to Clusium Escaped captivity by swimming the Tiber under heavy enemy fire Porsena allowed her and a select number of other hostages their freedom Her decision to rescue children earned her a statue on the Sacred Way
63
What happened with the treaty with Lars Porsena
It was kept andRome regained control over its neighbours, including the Sabines
64
First Dictator of Rome
Larcius
65
# Larcius Why was the first dictator appointed
Constant war had an impact on the plebs and it was creating a crisis
66
Larcius' updated census
made sure military levies were fair
67
Aulus Postumius
Second dictator of Rome, 496 BC
68
What was Aulus Postumius asked to deal with
a threat from the Latin League
69
Battle of Lake Regilius year
496 BC
70
Battle of Lake Regilius
Last battle of the Wars of Independance Superbus and his son destroyed much of the Roman army Postumius and his bodyguard bolstered the army and captured the Latin camp Superbus and his son were injured
71
How old was Superbus at the Battle of Lake Regilius
Over Ninety He founght like a much younger man
72
Consequences of the Battle of Lake Regilius
Rome re-joined the Latin League and signed a peace treaty with them Ended the threat from the Etruscan Kings
73
What were the Wars of Independance used for in the narrative
to explain the origins of the Conflict of the Orders

ROME GCSE (OCR) (8 decks)

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